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Environmental Analysis, Health and... Dec 2022Cypermethrin and dimethoate are pesticides frequently used in agriculture to eliminate pests. Contemporaneity of these and other pesticides in commercial preparations...
Cypermethrin and dimethoate are pesticides frequently used in agriculture to eliminate pests. Contemporaneity of these and other pesticides in commercial preparations and several aquatic ecosystems is well known, though poorly studied. This study aims to evaluate the effect of sublethal concentrations of combinations of cypermethrin and dimethoate on juvenile catfish, Clarias gariepinus, given that the pesticides concomitantly occur in the floodplains were the fish breed. Behavioral, hematological and histopathological changes in juvenile fish exposed to sublethal concentrations were monitored for 96 hours. Pesticide exposed fish exhibited abnormal behaviors such as erratic swimming, frequent air gulping, sudden jerk movement and rapid opercula movement and these were more pronounced in higher concentrations. Significant reductions in erythrocytes (0.83-20.94%), hemoglobin (4.12-29.23%) and PVC (7.14-28.57%) and increase in leucocytes (4.84-9.32%) were observed (p<0.05). Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell volume (MCV) reduced significantly in the exposed groups compared to the control. Infiltration of inflammatory cells, distortion of cell architecture, hemorrhage and necrosis were the observed histopathological damages in the heart, brain, gill, liver, kidney and fin of exposed fish. These pathological damages were more severe than previously reported for either chemical. Therefore, the use of these chemicals in agriculture should be regulated, especially near fish breeding sites.
PubMed: 36916041
DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2022028 -
PeerJ 2021This study aimed to explore the residual dynamics and dietary risk of dimethoate and its metabolite omethoate in celery. Celery was sprayed with 40% dimethoate...
This study aimed to explore the residual dynamics and dietary risk of dimethoate and its metabolite omethoate in celery. Celery was sprayed with 40% dimethoate emulsifiable concentrate (EC) at either a low concentration of 600 g a.i./ha or a high concentration of 900 g a.i./ha. Plants in the seedling, transplanting, or middle growth stages were sprayed once, and the samples were collected 90 days after transplantation. Plants in the harvesting stage were sprayed two or three times. The samples were collected on days 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 21 after the last pesticide application. The dimethoate and omethoate compounds were extracted from the celery samples using acetonitrile, and their concentrations were detected using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Also, the dietary risk assessments of dimethoate and omethoate were conducted in various populations and on different foods in China. The metabolism led to the formation of omethoate from dimethoate in the celery. The degradation dynamics of dimethoate and total residues in greenhouse celery followed the first-order kinetic equation. The half-lives of the compounds were 2.42 days and 2.92 days, respectively. The celery which received one application during the harvesting stage had a final residue of dimethoate after 14 days, which was lower than the maximum residue limit (MRL) 0.5 mg kg for Chinese celery. The final deposition of the metabolite omethoate after 28 days was less than the maximum residue limit of 0.02 mg kg for Chinese celery. Furthermore, the risk quotients of dimethoate in celery were less than 1; therefore, the level of chronic risk was acceptable after day 21. Only children aged 2-7 years had an HQ of dimethoate more than 1 (an unacceptable level of acute risk), while the acute dietary risks to other populations were within acceptable levels. It was recommended that any dimethoate applications to celery in greenhouses should happen before the celery reached the harvesting stage, with a safety interval of 28 days.
PubMed: 33717673
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10789 -
Oman Journal of Ophthalmology 2016Organophosphates have rarely been reported to cause various ocular sequelae including retinal degeneration. Retinal manifestations have been rarely reported and poorly...
Organophosphates have rarely been reported to cause various ocular sequelae including retinal degeneration. Retinal manifestations have been rarely reported and poorly characterized. We describe a case of a 76-year-old man with vision loss beginning in his 20s due to acute on chronic exposure to dimethoate, an organophosphate. He presented with bilateral geographic macular atrophy and midperipheral pigmentary clumping which we characterized by dilated fundoscopic examination, optical coherence tomography, and fundus autofluorescence.
PubMed: 27013829
DOI: 10.4103/0974-620X.176101 -
Heliyon Nov 2022For the ever increasing human population, the necessity to produce the food in large quantities has become the main goal internationally which has led to increase the...
UNLABELLED
For the ever increasing human population, the necessity to produce the food in large quantities has become the main goal internationally which has led to increase the practice of pesticides globally. Presence of pesticides in aquatic water bodies is largely due to the runoff from agricultural fields causing to deteriorate the healthy characteristics of an aquatic environment system leading to the toxic impact on non-target aquatic organism such as fish.
APPROACH
In fish, there are various portal of entry through which the contaminants enter. Via various routes, the contaminants reach into the blood and subsequently to different organs or systems. Since Pesticides are known to modify the behavior of animals when exposed to toxic levels. The behavioral changes may be caused by the changes in the nervous system triggered directly or through metabolic or physiological activities. However, the effects have been found to be multifarious and known to differ at different concentrations. Also, Blood is the most accessible component of the vertebrate body fluid system and consequences of direct and indirect damage to blood cells and their precursors are predictable and potentially life threatening. Therefore, behavioural and genotoxicological studies have been considered and used as diagnostic tool in order to investigate behavioural and genotoxicological alterations. This study was undertaken to investigate behavioural changes in exposed to two organophosphate compounds, chlorpyrifos (cpf) and dimethoate (dim). Fishes weighing 10 ± 2 g were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of cpf (0.76 ppb, 1.52 ppb, 2.28 ppb, 3.04 ppb and 3.8 ppb) and dimethoate (0.22 ppm, 0.44 ppm, 0.66 ppm, 0.88 ppm and 1.1 ppm) for the period of 96 h and various behavioural indices were evaluated during that period. Both the pesticides were found to induce behavioral toxicity in fishes such as drop in swimming velocity, reduced swimming activity and retarded opercular movements. Cpf was found more detrimental as compared to dimethoate in all cases. Fishes also elicited a genotoxic response which was evaluated by calculating the frequency of micronuclei formation in their hematocytes after 21 days of exposure. Chlorpyrifos induced more genotoxicity than dimethoate which was found dose and time dependent.
CONCLUSION
It was concluded that the behavioural and genotoxic alterations in common carp could be applied as possible biomarkers in risk assessment and monitoring programs for pesticide contamination of aquatic ecosystems.
CONTRIBUTION
This study is one of its kind and will help to form baseline data.
PubMed: 36353155
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11227 -
Food Science of Animal Resources Oct 2019A survey we conducted suggests that the ingestion of veterinary drug residues in edible animal parts constitutes a potential health hazard for its consumers, including,... (Review)
Review
A survey we conducted suggests that the ingestion of veterinary drug residues in edible animal parts constitutes a potential health hazard for its consumers, including, specifically, the possibility of developing multidrug resistance, carcinogenicity, and disruption of intestinal normal microflora. The survey results indicated that antibiotics, parasitic drugs, anticoccidial, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are broadly used, and this use in livestock is associated with the appearance of residues in various animal products such as milk, meat, and eggs. We observed that different cooking procedures, heating temperatures, storage times, fermentation, and pH have the potential to decrease drug residues in animal products. Several studies have reported the use of thermal treatments and sterilization to decrease the quantity of antibiotics such as tetracycline, oxytetracycline, macrolides, and sulfonamides, in animal products. Fermentation treatments also decreased levels of penicillin and pesticides such as dimethoate, malathion, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, and lindane. pH, known to influence decreases in cloxacillin and oxacillin levels, reportedly enhanced the dissolution of antimicrobial drug residues. Pressure cooking also reduced aldrin, dieldrin, and endosulfan in animal products. Therefore, this review provides updated information on the control of drug residues in animal products, which is of significance to veterinarians, livestock producers, and consumer health.
PubMed: 31728441
DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2019.e65 -
BMJ Clinical Evidence Mar 2007Acute organophosphorus poisoning occurs after dermal, respiratory, or oral exposure to either low-volatility pesticides (e.g. chlorpyrifos, dimethoate) or... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Acute organophosphorus poisoning occurs after dermal, respiratory, or oral exposure to either low-volatility pesticides (e.g. chlorpyrifos, dimethoate) or high-volatility nerve gases (e.g. sarin, tabun). Most cases occur in resource-poor countries as a result of occupational or deliberate exposure to organophosphorus pesticides.
METHODS AND OBJECTIVES
We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of treatments for acute organophosphorus poisoning? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library and other important databases up to August 2006 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
RESULTS
We found 22 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
CONCLUSIONS
In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: activated charcoal, alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonists, atropine, benzodiazepines, butyrylcholinesterase replacement therapy, cathartics, extracorporeal clearance, gastric lavage, glycopyrronium bromide, ipecacuanha, magnesium sulphate, milk or other home remedies, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, organophosphorus hydrolases, oximes, sodium bicarbonate, washing the poisoned person and removing contaminated clothing.
Topics: Acute Disease; Administration, Oral; Charcoal; Gastric Lavage; Humans; Organophosphate Poisoning; Oximes; Pesticides; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Sodium Bicarbonate
PubMed: 19454054
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Bioengineering and... 2023Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a class of man-made substances with potential to disrupt the standard function of the endocrine system. These EDCs include... (Review)
Review
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a class of man-made substances with potential to disrupt the standard function of the endocrine system. These EDCs include phthalates, perchlorates, phenols, some heavy metals, furans, dimethoate, aromatic hydrocarbons, some pesticides, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). EDCs are widespread in the environment given their frequent use in daily life. Their production, usage, and consumption have increased many-fold in recent years. Their ability to interact and mimic normal endocrine functions makes them a potential threat to human health, aquatics, and wild life. Detection of these toxins has predominantly been done by mass spectroscopy and/or chromatography-based methods and to a lesser extent by advanced sensing approaches such as electrochemical and/or colorimetric methods. Instrument-based analytical techniques are often not amenable for onsite detection due to the lab-based nature of these detecting systems. Alternatively, analytical approaches based on sensor/biosensor techniques are more attractive because they are rapid, portable, equally sensitive, and eco-friendly. Advanced sensing systems have been adopted to detect a range of EDCs in the environment and food production systems. This review will focus on advances and developments in portable sensing techniques for EDCs, encompassing electrochemical, colorimetric, optical, aptamer-based, and microbial sensing approaches. We have also delineated the advantages and limitations of some of these sensing techniques and discussed future developments in sensor technology for the environmental sensing of EDCs.
PubMed: 37051269
DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1141523 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Mar 2022Dimethoate (DT) is an environmental pollutant widely used in agricultural fields and home gardens. Studies have shown that exposure to DT causes reproductive defects in...
Dimethoate (DT) is an environmental pollutant widely used in agricultural fields and home gardens. Studies have shown that exposure to DT causes reproductive defects in both male and female animals. However, the effects of DT exposure on oocyte maturation and the approach to counteract it are not yet known. Here, we investigated the toxicity of DT on porcine oocyte maturation and the protective effects of melatonin (MT) on DT-exposed oocytes. DT exposure with 1.5 mM partially inhibited cumulus cell expansion and significantly reduced the rate of first polar body extrusion (pb1) during oocyte maturation. Parthenogenetically activated embryos derived from DT-exposed oocytes could not develop to the 2-cell and blastocyst stage. Furthermore, DT exposure led to a significant increase in the rates of misaligned chromosomes, disorganized spindles, and abnormal actin assembly. DT exposure severely disrupted the distribution patterns of mitochondria in oocytes but did not change the subcellular localizations of cortical granules. Importantly, MT supplementation rescued the meiotic and developmental defects of DT-exposed oocytes through repressing the generation of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and autophagy, and DNA damage accumulation. These results demonstrate that melatonin protects against meiotic defects induced by DT during porcine oocyte maturation.
PubMed: 35405822
DOI: 10.3390/ani12070832 -
Heliyon Apr 2023An effective and sensitive analytical method was developed to quantify the most common pesticide residues (difenoconazole, dimethoate, pymetrozine, and...
Development and validation of a modified QuEChERS method coupled with LC-MS/MS for simultaneous determination of difenoconazole, dimethoate, pymetrozine, and chlorantraniliprole in brinjal collected from fields and markets places to assess human health risk.
An effective and sensitive analytical method was developed to quantify the most common pesticide residues (difenoconazole, dimethoate, pymetrozine, and chlorantraniliprole) used for brinjal cultivation in Bangladesh. The quantification of the analytes was done using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The samples were extracted using a modified QuEChERS method and followed by purification with dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) sorbents (PSA, GCB, and C18). Matrix-matched calibration with a regression coefficient R ≥ 0.9964 were used to minimize the brinjal matrix effect. The method was validated in quintuple (n = 5) at five different spiked levels (8-400 μg/kg) having recoveries in the range of 70.3-113.2% with relative standard deviations RSDs ≤6.8%, limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) was in the range of 0.15-0.66 μg/kg and 0.4-2.0 μg/kg, respectively, for the four analytes. A total 100 samples (50 samples directly from fields of Jessore district, Bangladesh and 50 samples from local market of Dhaka, Bangladesh) were collected to analyse the pesticides residue. The result showed that pesticides residue was found in both the field and market collected samples, 54% and 38%, respectively. The overall mean residue levels of four pesticides in field samples were significantly higher than those of market samples. Moreover, 20% of the field samples and 10% of the market samples had dimethoate residues, which were the most abundant among the four analytes and it ranged from 0.017 to 0.252 mg/kg. In terms of health risk assessments, dimethoate showed the highest estimated daily intake (EDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) values that are 3.02 × 10 mg/kg/day and 1.51%, respectively, in field samples. Till now, there have been no regulations or guidelines for the maximum admissible pesticide residue in Bangladesh. Therefore, the above findings will be an initial step for the regulatory authorities of Bangladesh to implement regulations and guidelines for pesticide usage.
PubMed: 37064478
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14972 -
Arhiv Za Higijenu Rada I Toksikologiju Dec 2020Dimethoate is an organophosphorus pesticide used against agricultural insects, which causes oxidative stress and damage in many organs, including the reproductive ones....
Dimethoate is an organophosphorus pesticide used against agricultural insects, which causes oxidative stress and damage in many organs, including the reproductive ones. Cherry laurel (Laurocerasus officinalis Roem.) fruit is rich in vitamins and phenolic compounds with antioxidant effect. The aim of this study was to investigate how effective its extract would be against dimethoate-induced testis and sperm damage in rats. Sixty animals were divided in six groups of 10. Group 1 (control) received only 1 mL of saline (0.9 % NaCl). Group 2 received 7 mg/kg of dimethoate in 1 mL of saline. Group 3 received 4 mg/kg of extract in 1 mL of saline. Group 4 received the extract 30 min before dimethoate administration. Group 5 received vitamin C (positive control, 100 mg/kg in 1 mL of saline) 30 min before dimethoate administration. Group 6 received only dimethoate for the first four weeks and then a combination of dimethoate and extract for another four weeks. All doses were administered daily by oral gavage. After eight weeks of treatment, the rats were euthanised and their reproductive organs removed. We took their body and reproductive organ weights and evaluated testicular oxidative stress, semen characteristics, sperm DNA damage, testicular apoptosis, and histopathological changes. Dimethoate significantly decreased body and reproductive organ weights, sperm motility and concentration, testicular superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-peroxidase activities and significantly increased lipid peroxidation, abnormal sperm rate, sperm DNA damage, testicular apoptosis, and caused histopathological lesions. Cherry laurel extract significantly countered many dimethoate-induced adverse effects, both as pre- and post-treatment, including reproductive organ weight, semen parameters, oxidant-antioxidant balance, sperm DNA integrity, testicular apoptosis, and histological structure. Our findings clearly suggest that the beneficial effects of the extract are associated with countering oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation in particular.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Dimethoate; Fruit; Humans; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Oxidative Stress; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sperm Count; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa; Testis
PubMed: 33410775
DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3412