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Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Aug 2021Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are posing great threat to the environment and human health, due to their overuse and persistence in the environment. Photolysis has...
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are posing great threat to the environment and human health, due to their overuse and persistence in the environment. Photolysis has been established as an effective method to degrade OPs. The influence of pH value, the initial concentration of pesticides and the light source on the photolysis of two OPs, including chlorpyrifos and dimethoate, was investigated. The optimal reaction condition for OPs degradation was under pH 9, with xenon lamp as the light source, in which the photodegradation efficiencies of chlorpyrifos and dimethoate (500 mg/L) were 75.12% and 94.31%, respectively. The photodegradation products of chlorpyrifos and dimethoate were identified by GC-MS. Also, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to characterize the molecular properties of chlorpyrifos and dimethoate, as well as predicting potential photolysis reactions. Photodegradation mechanisms of chlorpyrifos and dimethoate were proposed, in which 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol (TCP), O,O-diethyl thiophosphate (DETP), 2,3,5-Trichloro-6-methoxypyridine (TMP) and O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate were identified as the main products of chlorpyrifos degradation. Omethoate, O,O,S-trimethyl thiophosphorothioate, N-methyl-2-sulfanylacetamide, O,O,O-trimethyl thiophosphate, O,O,S-trimethylphosphorothiate, and O,O,O-trimethyl phosphoric ester as the main photodegradation products for dimethoate. The main degradation mechanisms included ring opening, cleavage, oxidation and demethylation. This work demonstrated the feasibility of combining chemical analysis with quantum chemical calculation in unraveling degradation mechanisms of OPs. Also, it is of great significance for evaluating the environmental fate of OPs in aquatic system and further environmental risk assessment.
PubMed: 34418856
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112655 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2023The physicochemical traits and an array of organic and inorganic contaminants were monitored in monofloral honeys (i.e., jujube [], sweet orange [], PGI Euphorbia [] and...
The physicochemical traits and an array of organic and inorganic contaminants were monitored in monofloral honeys (i.e., jujube [], sweet orange [], PGI Euphorbia [] and ) from the Moroccan Béni Mellal-Khénifra region (i.e., Khénifra, Beni Méllal, Azlal and Fquih Ben Salah provinces). Moroccan honeys were in line with the physicochemical standards set by the European Union. However, a critical contamination pattern has been outlined. In fact, jujube, sweet orange, and PGI Euphorbia honeys contained pesticides, such as acephate, dimethoate, diazinon, alachlor, carbofuran and fenthion sulfoxide, higher than the relative EU Maximum Residue Levels. The banned 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB118) and 2,2',3,4,4',5,5'-heptachlorobiphenyl (PCB180) were detected in all samples and quantified in jujube, sweet orange and PGI Euphorbia honeys; while polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as chrysene and fluorene, stood out for their higher contents in jujube and sweet orange honeys. Considering plasticizers, all honeys showed an excessive amount of dibutyl phthalate (DBP), when (improperly) considering the relative EU Specific Migration Limit. Furthermore, sweet orange, PGI Euphorbia and honeys were characterized by Pb exceeding the EU Maximum Level. Overall, data from this study may encourage Moroccan governmental bodies to strengthen their monitoring activity in beekeeping and to find suitable solutions for implementing more sustainable agricultural practices.
PubMed: 36900486
DOI: 10.3390/foods12050969 -
RSC Advances Mar 2020A zinc oxide (ZnO)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite was synthesized a hydrothermal synthesis method and used for the photocatalytic degradation of dimethoate....
A zinc oxide (ZnO)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite was synthesized a hydrothermal synthesis method and used for the photocatalytic degradation of dimethoate. In the synthesis process of the ZnO/rGO nanocomposite, hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) was used as both a mineralizer and reducing agent. When the ZnO nanoparticles formed on the surfaces of graphene oxide sheets, the sheets were simultaneously reduced by HMT to form rGO. The photodegradation rate and photodegradation efficiency of dimethoate by the ZnO/rGO nanocomposite were 4 and 1.5 times, respectively, higher than those of bare ZnO. The ZnO/rGO nanocomposite possessed a high surface area of 41.0 m g and pore volume of 4.72 × 10 cm g, which were conducive to the adsorption and mass transfer of pesticides and oxygen. The enhanced photocatalytic performance of the ZnO/rGO nanocomposite was attributed to the decrease in electron-hole recombination rate and effective carrier transport caused by the presence of rGO. Photoelectrochemical measurements confirmed that the nanocomposite exhibited a high charge transfer rate at the ZnO/rGO interface. These results indicate that ZnO/rGO nanocomposites have great application potential in pollutant degradation.
PubMed: 35685612
DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01741h -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2022The levels of chemical pollutants were determined in 30 samples of varietal honey from southeastern Poland, including 223 pesticides (insecticides, herbicides,...
The levels of chemical pollutants were determined in 30 samples of varietal honey from southeastern Poland, including 223 pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, acaricides, plant growth regulators, and veterinary drugs) and 5 heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu, and Zn). In 10% of the samples, no pesticide residues were found. The most frequently identified pesticides were thiacloprid (90% of the samples, max 0.337 mg/kg), acetamiprid (86.6%, max 0.061 mg/kg), carbendazim (60%, max 0.049 mg/kg), DMF (56.6%, max 0.038 mg/kg), total amitraz (53.3%, max 0.075 mg/kg), thiamethoxam (26.6%, max 0.004 mg/kg), thiacloprid-amide (13.3%, max 0.012 mg/kg), dimethoate (10%, max 0.003 mg/kg), azoxystrobin (10%, max 0.002 mg/kg), tebuconazole (6.66%, max 0.002 mg/kg), and boscalid (3.33%, max 0.001 mg/kg). The acceptable limits for the compounds were not exceeded in any sample. The Pb content ranged between 0.044 and 0.081 mg/kg. The concentration of Hg and Cd did not exceed 5.0 µg/kg and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively. The honey variety significantly (p < 0.01) influenced the content of Cu, which ranged from 0.504 (rapeseed honey) to 1.201 mg/kg (buckwheat). A similar tendency (p > 0.05) was observed for the Zn content, which ranged from 0.657 mg/kg (linden) to 2.694 mg/kg (buckwheat). Honey produced in southeastern Poland was shown to be safe for human consumption.
PubMed: 35954127
DOI: 10.3390/foods11152362 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2022With the internationalization of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and the increasing use of herbal medicines around the world, there are concerns over their safety....
With the internationalization of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and the increasing use of herbal medicines around the world, there are concerns over their safety. In recent years, there have been some sporadic reports of pesticide residues in Chuanxiong Rhizoma (CX), although the lack of systematic and comprehensive analyses of pesticide residues and evaluations of toxicological risks in human health has increased the uncertainty of the potential effects of pesticides exposure in humans. This study aimed to clarify the status of pesticide residues and to determine the health risks of pesticide residues in CX. The findings of this study revealed that 99 batches of CX samples contained pesticide residues ranging from 0.05 to 3013.17 μg/kg. Here, 6-22 kinds of pesticides were detected in each sample. Prometryn, carbendazim, dimethomorph, chlorpyrifos, chlorantraniliprole, pyraclostrobin, and paclobutrazol were the most frequently detected pesticides, with detection rates of 68.69-100%. Insecticides and fungicides accounted for 43.23% and 37.84% of the total pesticides detected, respectively. Here, 86.87% of the pesticide content levels were lower than 50 μg/kg, and a small number of samples contained carbofuran, dimethoate, and isofenphos-methyl exceeding the maximum residue levels (MRLs). A risk assessment based on the hazard quotient/hazard index (HQ/HI) approach revealed that the short-term, long-term, and cumulative risks of pesticide residues in CX are well below the levels that may pose a health risk. Worryingly, six banned pesticides (carbofuran, phorate sulfone, phorate-sulfoxide, isofenphos-methyl, terbufos-sulfone, and terbufoxon sulfoxide) were detected. This study has improved our understanding of the potential exposure risk of pesticide multi-residues in CX. The results of the study will have a positive impact on improving the quality and safety of CX and the development of MRLs for pesticide residues.
Topics: Chromatography, Gas; Chromatography, Liquid; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Food Contamination; Humans; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Pesticide Residues; Risk Assessment; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 35163887
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030622 -
International Scholarly Research Notices 2014The present investigation was directed to study the possible protective activity of quercetin-a natural antioxidant against dimethoate-induced cyto- and genotoxicity in...
The present investigation was directed to study the possible protective activity of quercetin-a natural antioxidant against dimethoate-induced cyto- and genotoxicity in meristematic cells of Allium sativum. So far there is no report on the biological properties of quercetin in plant test systems. Chromosome breaks, multipolar anaphase, stick chromosome, and mitotic activity were undertaken in the current study as markers of cyto- and genotoxicity. Untreated control, quercetin controls (@ 5, 10 and 20 μg/mL for 3 h), and dimethoate exposed groups (@ 100 and 200 μg/mL for 3 h) were maintained. For protection against cytogenotoxicity, the root tip cells treated with dimethoate at 100 and 200 μg/mL for 3 h and quercetin treatment at 5, 10, and 20 μg/mL for 16 h, prior to dimethoate treatment, were undertaken. Quercetin was found to be neither cytotoxic nor genotoxic in Allium sativum control at these doses. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in chromosomal aberrations was noted in dimethoate treated Allium. Pretreatment of Allium sativum with quercetin significantly (P < 0.05) reduced dimethoate-induced genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in meristematic cells, and these effects were dose dependent. In conclusion, quercetin has a protective role in the abatement of dimethoate-induced cyto- and genotoxicity in the meristematic cells of Allium sativum that resides, at least in part, on its antioxidant effects.
PubMed: 27379342
DOI: 10.1155/2014/632672 -
Journal of Food Protection Mar 2021We evaluated fresh vegetables for residues of 18 pesticides with different chemical structures, including organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides,...
ABSTRACT
We evaluated fresh vegetables for residues of 18 pesticides with different chemical structures, including organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides, carbamate pesticides, and pyrethroid pesticides and estimated that the potential health risks for consumers. A total of 313 samples were collected from 12 kinds of vegetables in Changchun, the capital of Jilin Province, People's Republic of China. Pesticide residues were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, and the curves were highly linear at 0.01 to 1.00 μg/mL (R2 ≥ 0.99). The mean recovery rate of the pesticides was 62 to 110% (relative standard deviation of <5%). The limit of detection was 0.0001 to 0.0167 mg/kg, the limit of quantification was 0.0002 to 0.0556 mg/kg, and the overall detection rate was 28.43%. The prevalence of pesticides and of samples above the standard limit were highest in celery, the prevalence of pesticides was lowest in potatoes, and the prevalence of samples above the standard limit was lowest in cucumber. Three of the 18 pesticides were not detected: omethoate, chlorpyrifos, and fenvalerate. Among the 15 pesticides detected, the maximum risk factor of six (carbofuran, omethoate, phorate, dicofol, dimethoate, and dichlorvos) is >1, indicating possible harm to human health. Residues of a single pesticide may not adversely affect a person's health, but multiple pesticide residues could present a health risk.
Topics: China; Food Contamination; Humans; Pesticide Residues; Pesticides; Vegetables
PubMed: 33108463
DOI: 10.4315/JFP-20-236 -
PloS One 2020In recent years, there has been growing concern among consumers about pesticide contamination in fruits. Therefore, rapid, reliable, and consistent detection methods for...
In recent years, there has been growing concern among consumers about pesticide contamination in fruits. Therefore, rapid, reliable, and consistent detection methods for OPPs, especially dimethoate, are crucially needed. The existing quantitative methods for detecting dimethoate are not suitable for rapid measuring system such as the dimethoate samples from two channels. Hence this paper examines the utilization of a dual-channel system for utilize the absorption variations of the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) bands of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were investigate for detection of dimethoate. Under optimized conditions, the relationship between concentrations of dimethoate and absorbance ratios (A(520)/A(640)) was linearly found in the concentration range of 10-100 nM. Result from the experiment shows that both channels exhibit a linear correlation coefficient as high as 0.97 and a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 5.5 nM. This LSPR detection system was characterized by testing the dimethoate in apple samples and the recovery rates were found to be in the range of 85.90% to 107.37%. The proposed dual-channel LSPR system for detecting dimethoate creating a new approach for detecting organophosphate insecticide in agricultural fields. It could lay the foundation for designing a high-throughput analysis of the insecticides using a wavelength division multiplexing switch (WDMS).
Topics: Crops, Agricultural; Dimethoate; Food Analysis; Food Contamination; Fruit; Insecticides; Sensitivity and Specificity; Surface Plasmon Resonance
PubMed: 32970749
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239632 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) May 2023This study aimed to determine the potential of quercetin and (ZO) Roscoe extract to alleviate the renal damage induced by dimethoate (DM) and fluoride (F) alone and by...
This study aimed to determine the potential of quercetin and (ZO) Roscoe extract to alleviate the renal damage induced by dimethoate (DM) and fluoride (F) alone and by their combined exposure in rats. A total of 54 adult Wistar rats were randomly allocated to nine groups ( = 6). A sub-lethal dose of DM (1/10th of the median lethal dose) was administered by oral gavage alone and along with F (4.5 ppm, three-fold the permissible limit) in their drinking water continuously for 28 days. Chromatographical analysis revealed the presence of quercetin, curcumin, and other phytochemicals with strong antioxidant properties in ZO-rhizome extract. Severe changes were observed in the levels of the renal biomarkers and histoarchitecture after co-administration of the toxicants, indicating greater kidney damage. The administration of ZO extract (300 mg/kg) along with either or both toxicants led to a significant restoration of the biochemical markers and renal antioxidant profile and histology.
PubMed: 37174437
DOI: 10.3390/foods12091899 -
BioMed Research International 2021Pesticides are risk factors in human life causing chronic human health effects. They are commonly used across the globe to enhance human endeavors. In Ethiopia,...
Pesticides are risk factors in human life causing chronic human health effects. They are commonly used across the globe to enhance human endeavors. In Ethiopia, pesticides are widely used by local farmers and governmental organizations for pest control purpose. Pesticide residues in food items have been a concern to the consumers and environment they live in. Therefore, this study was aimed at determining the amount of organochlorine and organophosphate pesticide residues in cereal crops in Bench-Sheko Zone, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional laboratory-based study design was employed to determine the amount of pesticide residues. The samples were extracted using a Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction and clean up method. Finally, the extracted samples were injected into gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometer and the types and concentrations of pesticide residues were analyzed. The highest concentration of endosulfan sulfate (0.076 mgkg) was detected in rice, followed by dimethoate (0.068 mgkg) and p,p'-DDE (0.087 mgkg) in sorghum and common millet, respectively, in the samples obtained from the Gurafarda site.The highest concentration of p,p'-DDT (0.133 mgkg) was detected in common millet, followed by aldrin (0.082 mgkg) and dimethoate (0.077 mgkg) in sorghum and common millet, respectively, in the samples obtained from the North Bench site. In addition, aldrin detected in rice, sorghum, and common millet obtained from the three sites was a residue of above the maximum residual limits set by Codex Alimentarius regulations and European Union. The finding shows that an indication of the widespread use of pesticides in cereal crops.
Topics: Ethiopia; Food Contamination; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Pesticide Residues; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 33829061
DOI: 10.1155/2021/6612096