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Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology Jun 2015Prevalence of chronic gastritis has markedly declined in developed populations during the past decades. However, chronic gastritis is still one of the most common... (Review)
Review
Prevalence of chronic gastritis has markedly declined in developed populations during the past decades. However, chronic gastritis is still one of the most common serious pandemic infections with such severe killing sequelae as peptic ulcer or gastric cancer. Globally, on average, even more than half of people may have a chronic gastritis at present. Helicobacter pylori infection in childhood is the main cause of chronic gastritis, which microbial origin is the key for the understanding of the bizarre epidemiology and course of the disease. A life-long and aggressive inflammation in gastritis results in destruction (atrophic gastritis) of stomach mucosa with time (years and decades). The progressive worsening of atrophic gastritis results subsequently in dysfunctions of stomach mucosa. Atrophic gastritis will finally end up in a permanently acid-free stomach in the most extreme cases. Severe atrophic gastritis and acid-free stomach are the highest independent risk conditions for gastric cancer known so far. In addition to the risks of malignancy and peptic ulcer, acid-free stomach and severe forms of atrophic gastritis may associate with failures in absorption of essential vitamins, like vitamin B12, micronutrients (like iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc), diet and medicines.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Diagnostic Techniques, Digestive System; Disease Management; Gastritis; Global Health; Humans; Morbidity
PubMed: 25901896
DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2015.1019918 -
Mediators of Inflammation 2022is a spiral-shaped gram-negative bacterium. Its infection is mainly transmitted via oral-oral and fecal-oral routes usually during early childhood. It can achieve... (Review)
Review
is a spiral-shaped gram-negative bacterium. Its infection is mainly transmitted via oral-oral and fecal-oral routes usually during early childhood. It can achieve persistent colonization by manipulating the host immune responses, which also causes mucosal damage and inflammation. gastritis is an infectious disease and results in chronic gastritis of different severity in near all patients with infection. It may develop from acute/chronic inflammation, chronic atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and intraepithelial neoplasia, eventually to gastric cancer. This review attempts to cover recent studies which provide important insights into how causes chronic inflammation and what the characteristic is, which will immunologically explain gastritis.
Topics: Gastritis; Gastritis, Atrophic; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Stomach Neoplasms
PubMed: 35300405
DOI: 10.1155/2022/2944156 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2021Gastric cancer is still an important disease causing many deaths worldwide, although there has been a marked reduction in prevalence during the last few decades. The... (Review)
Review
Gastric cancer is still an important disease causing many deaths worldwide, although there has been a marked reduction in prevalence during the last few decades. The decline in gastric cancer prevalence is due to a reduction in infection which has occurred for at least 50 years. The most probable mechanism for the carcinogenic effect of is hypergastrinemia since infected individuals do not have increased risk of gastric cancer before the development of oxyntic atrophy. When atrophy has developed, the carcinogenic process continues independent of . Autoimmune gastritis also induces oxyntic atrophy leading to marked hypergastrinemia and development of ECL cell neoplasia as well as adenocarcinoma. Similarly, long-term treatment with efficient inhibitors of acid secretion like the proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) predisposes to ECL cell neoplasia of a different degree of malignancy. Contrasting the colon where most cancers develop from polyps, most polyps in the stomach have a low malignant potential. Nevertheless, gastric polyps may also give rise to cancer and have some risk factors and mechanisms in common with gastric cancer. In this overview the most common gastric polyps, i.e., hyperplastic polyps, adenomatous polyps and fundic gland polyps will be discussed with respect to etiology and particularly use of PPIs and relation to gastric carcinogenesis.
Topics: Adenomatous Polyps; Animals; Gastritis; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Stomach Neoplasms
PubMed: 34207192
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126548 -
Minerva Gastroenterologica E Dietologica Jun 2020Eosinophilic colitis (EC) is a rare inflammatory disease included in the chapter of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs), diagnosed by the presence of primary... (Review)
Review
Eosinophilic colitis (EC) is a rare inflammatory disease included in the chapter of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs), diagnosed by the presence of primary eosinophilic infiltrate in the colon wall in symptomatic patients. While the etiology of primary colonic eosinophilia is unknown, several conditions are involved in the pathogenesis of secondary eosinophilic colonic infiltrate (food allergens, parasitic infections, drugs), which have to be excluded in order to correctly diagnose the primary form of the disease. Up to now, EC is lacking of codified guidelines regarding diagnostic criteria (especially eosinophil threshold values) and treatment, thus a correct approach to EC remains very challenging. Imaging, laboratory tests and endoscopy might be helpful in ruling out other mimic conditions, but EC is still a diagnosis of exclusion. Several treatment options are feasible, but most of the evidences are drawn from case reports and small case series, thus limiting their value. We carried out a review of the current literature to evaluate the more appropriate and modern clinical strategy for diagnosis and management of EC.
Topics: Colitis; Enteritis; Eosinophilia; Gastritis; Humans
PubMed: 31994372
DOI: 10.23736/S1121-421X.20.02656-2 -
BMC Gastroenterology Feb 2014Chronic gastritis is one of the most common findings at upper endoscopy in the general population, and chronic atrophic gastritis is epidemiologically associated with...
BACKGROUND
Chronic gastritis is one of the most common findings at upper endoscopy in the general population, and chronic atrophic gastritis is epidemiologically associated with the occurrence of gastric cancer. However, the current status of diagnosis and treatment of chronic gastritis in China is unclear.
METHODS
A multi-center national study was performed; all patients who underwent diagnostic upper endoscopy for evaluation of gastrointestinal symptoms from 33 centers were enrolled. Data including sex, age, symptoms and endoscopic findings were prospectively recorded.
RESULTS
Totally 8892 patients were included. At endoscopy, 4389, 3760 and 1573 patients were diagnosed to have superficial gastritis, erosive gastritis, and atrophic gastritis, respectively. After pathologic examination, it is found that atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia were prevalent, which accounted for 25.8%, 23.6% and 7.3% of this patient population. Endoscopic features were useful for predicting pathologic atrophy (PLR = 4.78), but it was not useful for predicting erosive gastritis. Mucosal-protective agents and PPI were most commonly used medications for chronic gastritis.
CONCLUSIONS
The present study suggests non-atrophic gastritis is the most common endoscopic finding in Chinese patients with upper GI symptoms. Precancerous lesions, including atrophy, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia are prevalent in Chinese patients with chronic gastritis, and endoscopic features are useful for predicting pathologic atrophy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; China; Chronic Disease; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Female; Gastritis; Gastritis, Atrophic; Humans; Male; Metaplasia; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Proton Pump Inhibitors; Stomach; Young Adult
PubMed: 24502423
DOI: 10.1186/1471-230X-14-21 -
The Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology... Jun 2014Stomach endoscopic biopsies are made to determine the diagnosis of the illness, its stage, and follow-up after the treatment. It is very significant to collaborate with... (Review)
Review
Stomach endoscopic biopsies are made to determine the diagnosis of the illness, its stage, and follow-up after the treatment. It is very significant to collaborate with the clinician while evaluating endoscopic biopsies. Besides the clinical and laboratory information of the patient, the endoscopic appearance of the lesion should be known. The clinician and pathologist should use the same language and the same terminology. Although new classifications have been made to prevent the confusion of terminologies in neoplastic processes recently, most centers around the world have reported non-invasive neoplasias without giving any certain diagnosis by just commenting on it. The clinician should understand what the pathologist wants to say; pathologists should know the approach of the clinician (repetition of the biopsy, endoscopic resection, surgery). There is Helicobacter pylori (HP) in most of the stomach pathologies as the etiologic agent. No matter if the factor is HP or other etiologic agents, the tissue gives similar responses. That is why clinical-endoscopic indications should be taken into consideration, as well as histological indications, and the reports of the endoscopy should be seen. A good clinicopathologic correlation increases the accuracy of the diagnosis.
Topics: Acute Disease; Biopsy; Chronic Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Gastritis; Gastroscopy; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Metaplasia; Stomach; Stomach Diseases; Stomach Neoplasms
PubMed: 25141310
DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2014.7906 -
Acta Medica Indonesiana Jan 2022Urease is an enzyme produced by diverse bacterial species including normal flora, non pathogens, and pathogens such as Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus,...
Urease is an enzyme produced by diverse bacterial species including normal flora, non pathogens, and pathogens such as Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae Helicobacter spp and Helicobacter pylori. Urease is central in Helicobacter pylori metabolism and virulence, important for colonization in the gastric mucosa. Urease catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbamate. This ammonia product can be examined by Urease biopsy test and Urea breath test such as 14C-Urea Breath Test or 13C-Urea Breath Test.Previously, the Urea breath test was intended to detect an increase in ammonia which is a urease product in the gastric mucosa produced by pathogenic gastric bacteria, such as Helicobacter pylori, etc.Acute and chronic gastritis caused by infection with these pathogenic bacteria infection turned out to be positive on Urea breath test. Indirectly, the results of the urea breath test are also related to the presence of inflammation in acute and chronic gastritis, regardless of whether the cause is Helicobacter pylori or other urease-producing pathogenic bacteria.The use of the urea breath test indirectly in diagnosing acute and chronic gastritis should be studied further. The use of the urea breath test is indeed very important to assist health services in countries and regions with limited endoscopic facilities, especially developing countries.We know that the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in causing acute and chronic gastritis by examination of Urea breath test in Indonesia is not too high, ranging from 2-11.2%. So that is why more studies on non-Helicobacter pylori producing urease pathogens are needed, which can appear as a false positive urea breath test.
Topics: Ammonia; Gastritis; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Urea; Urease
PubMed: 35398819
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Gastroenterology Mar 2023The Japanese diagnostic criteria for autoimmune gastritis (AIG) were established by the "Study Group on the establishment of diagnostic criteria for type A gastritis,"...
The Japanese diagnostic criteria for autoimmune gastritis (AIG) were established by the "Study Group on the establishment of diagnostic criteria for type A gastritis," which is related to a workshop associated with the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society (JGES) and the Committee of AIG Research Group (CARP). The criteria were set as follows: the cases of confirmed diagnosis are patients in whom either the endoscopic or histological findings, or both, meet the requirements for AIG and who are confirmed to be positive for gastric autoantibodies (either anti-parietal cell or anti-intrinsic factor antibodies, or both). The presentation of endoscopic findings of early-stage AIG in the diagnostic criteria was withheld owing to the need for further accumulation and characterization of endoscopic clinical data. Therefore, diagnosis of early-stage AIG only requires histological confirmation and gastric autoantibody positivity. Suspected cases are patients in whom either the endoscopic or histological findings, or both, meet only the requirements for AIG. Histological findings only meet the requirements for early stage. AIG has been underdiagnosed in the past, but our study group's newly proposed diagnostic criteria will enable a more accurate and early diagnosis of AIG. The criteria can be used to stratify patients into various high-risk groups for gastric tumors and pernicious anemia. They would allow the establishment of an appropriate surveillance system in the coming years. Nevertheless, issues such as establishing the endoscopic findings of early-stage AIG and obtaining Japanese insurance coverage for gastric autoantibody tests require attention.
Topics: Humans; Autoimmune Diseases; Japan; Gastritis; Autoantibodies; Endoscopy
PubMed: 36855000
DOI: 10.1007/s00535-022-01954-9 -
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... Jan 2020Eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases (EGIDs) are rare diseases of the gastrointestinal tract caused by allergic inflammation and gastrointestinal dysfunction.... (Review)
Review
Eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases (EGIDs) are rare diseases of the gastrointestinal tract caused by allergic inflammation and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Initially described in 1978, recognition of these disorders has greatly increased over the past several decades. Thus far, eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) has received the most focus, leading to significant advances in understanding of disease mechanisms, widely adopted guidelines for diagnosis and management, and ongoing clinical trials to provide expanded treatment options. EGIDs can affect other parts of the gastrointestinal tract and include eosinophilic gastritis (EG), eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE), and eosinophilic colitis (EC), yet these diseases are barely understood compared with EoE. Much of the research to date is limited to case series or single-center experiences, and there are no well-established guidelines for diagnosis or management. In this article the current state of EGIDs will be reviewed.
Topics: Enteritis; Eosinophilia; Eosinophilic Esophagitis; Gastritis; Humans; Practice Guidelines as Topic
PubMed: 31669097
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.10.013 -
Journal of Medical Case Reports Sep 2021Phlegmonous gastritis is a rare and fatal infectious disease of the stomach, presenting varied and nonspecific endoscopic images, which are therefore difficult to...
BACKGROUND
Phlegmonous gastritis is a rare and fatal infectious disease of the stomach, presenting varied and nonspecific endoscopic images, which are therefore difficult to diagnose. This report discusses three cases of phlegmonous gastritis, each with unique endoscopic images, and considers the differential diagnosis of this disease. These cases were initially suspected of scirrhous gastric cancer, gastric syphilis, and acute gastric mucosal lesion.
CASE PRESENTATION
Case 1 A 32-year-old Asian man visited our hospital complaining of upper abdominal pain. Endoscopy raised suspicion of scirrhous gastric cancer. However, a histopathological examination showed no malignant cells, thus leading to the diagnosis of phlegmonous gastritis. The patient was started on antibiotic therapy, which was effective. Case 2 A 33-year-old Asian man visited our hospital complaining of epigastralgia. Endoscopy raised suspicion of gastric syphilis. However, the serum test for syphilis was negative, and Streptococcus viridans was detected in the biopsy specimen culture, which led to the diagnosis of phlegmonous gastritis. The patient was started on antibiotic therapy, resulting in significant improvement in the endoscopic image after 2 weeks. Case 3 A 19-year-old Asian man visited our hospital complaining of epigastric pain. Endoscopy raised suspicion of acute gastric mucosal lesion. A gastric juice culture showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus viridans, thus leading to the diagnosis of phlegmonous gastritis. The patient was started on antibiotic therapy, resulting in the disappearance of the gastric lesions.
CONCLUSION
In severe cases of phlegmonous gastritis, immediate surgical treatment is generally required. However, the endoscopic images are varied and nonspecific. These three cases suggest that clinicians need to consider the differential diagnosis of phlegmonous gastritis and make accurate diagnoses at an early stage.
Topics: Abdomen; Abdominal Pain; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Gastritis; Humans; Male; Young Adult
PubMed: 34482823
DOI: 10.1186/s13256-021-02999-9