-
Nature Reviews. Microbiology Feb 2021Herpesviruses are ubiquitous, double-stranded DNA, enveloped viruses that establish lifelong infections and cause a range of diseases. Entry into host cells requires... (Review)
Review
Herpesviruses are ubiquitous, double-stranded DNA, enveloped viruses that establish lifelong infections and cause a range of diseases. Entry into host cells requires binding of the virus to specific receptors, followed by the coordinated action of multiple viral entry glycoproteins to trigger membrane fusion. Although the core fusion machinery is conserved for all herpesviruses, each species uses distinct receptors and receptor-binding glycoproteins. Structural studies of the prototypical herpesviruses herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) entry glycoproteins have defined the interaction sites for glycoprotein complexes and receptors, and have revealed conformational changes that occur on receptor binding. Recent crystallography and electron microscopy studies have refined our model of herpesvirus entry into cells, clarifying both the conserved features and the unique features. In this Review, we discuss recent insights into herpesvirus entry by analysing the structures of entry glycoproteins, including the diverse receptor-binding glycoproteins (HSV-1 glycoprotein D (gD), EBV glycoprotein 42 (gp42) and HCMV gH-gL-gO trimer and gH-gL-UL128-UL130-UL131A pentamer), as well gH-gL and the fusion protein gB, which are conserved in all herpesviruses.
Topics: Cytomegalovirus; Herpesviridae; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Herpesvirus 2, Human; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Receptors, Virus; Viral Envelope Proteins; Virus Attachment; Virus Internalization
PubMed: 33087881
DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-00448-w -
Viruses May 2019This manuscript aims to highlight all the clinical features of the herpes virus, with a particular focus on oral manifestations and in the maxillofacial district about...
This manuscript aims to highlight all the clinical features of the herpes virus, with a particular focus on oral manifestations and in the maxillofacial district about Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1) and Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2). Oral herpes virus is a very common and often debilitating infectious disease for patients, affecting oral health and having important psychological implications. The collection of relevant data comes from the scientific databases Pubmed, Embase; initially this collection obtained an extremely high number of results, 1415. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, as well as a manual screening, the results included in this review were limited to 14. The results were expressed by evaluating all the signs and symptoms that this pathology entails during the study, paying attention to the characteristics linked to the quality of life and the psychological implications. This pathology has numerous therapies, which often make the healing phase of the manifestations of this viral pathology more comfortable. The therapies currently used for the treatment of this viral infection are pharmacological, topical, systemic, or instrumental, for example with laser devices.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Herpesviridae; Herpesviridae Infections; Humans; Oral Health; Public Health Surveillance; Quality of Life; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Symptom Assessment; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 31117264
DOI: 10.3390/v11050463 -
Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 2022This article addresses the relationship between human herpesviruses (HHVs) and neuroinfections. Alphaherpesviruses, betaherpesviruses and gammaherpesviruses are... (Review)
Review
This article addresses the relationship between human herpesviruses (HHVs) and neuroinfections. Alphaherpesviruses, betaherpesviruses and gammaherpesviruses are neurotropic viruses that establish latency and exhibit reactivation capacity. Encephalitis and meningitis are common in cases of HHV. The condition promoted by HHV infection is a purported trigger for certain neurodegenerative diseases. Ongoing studies have identified an association between HSV-1 and the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and infections by HHV-6 and Epstein-Barr virus. In this review, we highlight the importance of research investigating the role of herpesviruses in the pathogenesis of diseases that affect the nervous system and describe other studies in progress.
Topics: Humans; Herpesviridae Infections; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Herpesviridae; Herpesvirus 1, Human
PubMed: 36417627
DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220200 -
Viruses Nov 2011Herpesviruses are host specific pathogens that are widespread among vertebrates. Genome sequence data demonstrate that most herpesviruses of fish and amphibians are... (Review)
Review
Herpesviruses are host specific pathogens that are widespread among vertebrates. Genome sequence data demonstrate that most herpesviruses of fish and amphibians are grouped together (family Alloherpesviridae) and are distantly related to herpesviruses of reptiles, birds and mammals (family Herpesviridae). Yet, many of the biological processes of members of the order Herpesvirales are similar. Among the conserved characteristics are the virion structure, replication process, the ability to establish long term latency and the manipulation of the host immune response. Many of the similar processes may be due to convergent evolution. This overview of identified herpesviruses of fish discusses the diseases that alloherpesviruses cause, the biology of these viruses and the host-pathogen interactions. Much of our knowledge on the biology of Alloherpesvirdae is derived from research with two species: Ictalurid herpesvirus 1 (channel catfish virus) and Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (koi herpesvirus).
Topics: Animals; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Herpesviridae; Herpesviridae Infections; Host-Pathogen Interactions
PubMed: 22163339
DOI: 10.3390/v3112160 -
Periodontology 2000 Feb 2020The etiopathogenesis of severe periodontitis includes herpesvirus-bacteria coinfection. This article evaluates the pathogenicity of herpesviruses (cytomegalovirus and... (Review)
Review
The etiopathogenesis of severe periodontitis includes herpesvirus-bacteria coinfection. This article evaluates the pathogenicity of herpesviruses (cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus) and periodontopathic bacteria (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis) and coinfection of these infectious agents in the initiation and progression of periodontitis. Cytomegalovirus and A. actinomycetemcomitans/P. gingivalis exercise synergistic pathogenicity in the development of localized ("aggressive") juvenile periodontitis. Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus are associated with P. gingivalis in adult types of periodontitis. Periodontal herpesviruses that enter the general circulation may also contribute to disease development in various organ systems. A 2-way interaction is likely to occur between periodontal herpesviruses and periodontopathic bacteria, with herpesviruses promoting bacterial upgrowth, and bacterial factors reactivating latent herpesviruses. Bacterial-induced gingivitis may facilitate herpesvirus colonization of the periodontium, and herpesvirus infections may impede the antibacterial host defense and alter periodontal cells to predispose for bacterial adherence and invasion. Herpesvirus-bacteria synergistic interactions, are likely to comprise an important pathogenic determinant of aggressive periodontitis. However, mechanistic investigations into the molecular and cellular interaction between periodontal herpesviruses and bacteria are still scarce. Herpesvirus-bacteria coinfection studies may yield significant new discoveries of pathogenic determinants, and drug and vaccine targets to minimize or prevent periodontitis and periodontitis-related systemic diseases.
Topics: Adult; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Cytomegalovirus; Herpesviridae; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 31850623
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12311 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2021Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma associated-herpesvirus (KSHV) are γ-herpesviruses that belong to the family. EBV infections are linked to the onset and... (Review)
Review
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma associated-herpesvirus (KSHV) are γ-herpesviruses that belong to the family. EBV infections are linked to the onset and progression of several diseases, such as Burkitt lymphoma (BL), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), and lymphoproliferative malignancies arising in post-transplanted patients (PTDLs). KSHV, an etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), displays primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman disease (MCD). Many therapeutics, such as bortezomib, CHOP cocktail medications, and natural compounds (e.g., quercetin or curcumin), are administrated to patients affected by γ-herpesvirus infections. These drugs induce apoptosis and autophagy, inhibiting the proliferative and cell cycle progression in these malignancies. In the last decade, many studies conducted by scientists and clinicians have indicated that nanotechnology and nanomedicine could improve the outcome of several treatments in γ-herpesvirus-associated diseases. Some drugs are entrapped in nanoparticles (NPs) expressed on the surface area of polyethylene glycol (PEG). These NPs move to specific tissues and exert their properties, releasing therapeutics in the cell target. To treat EBV- and KSHV-associated diseases, many studies have been performed in vivo and in vitro using virus-like particles (VPLs) engineered to maximize antigen and epitope presentations during immune response. NPs are designed to improve therapeutic delivery, avoiding dissolving the drugs in toxic solvents. They reduce the dose-limiting toxicity and reach specific tissue areas. Several attempts are ongoing to synthesize and produce EBV vaccines using nanosystems.
Topics: Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Gammaherpesvirinae; Herpesviridae; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Herpesvirus 8, Human; Humans; Nanoparticles; Nanotechnology; Sarcoma, Kaposi; Viral Proteins; Virus Replication
PubMed: 34768838
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111407 -
Viruses Dec 2019Herpesviruses usurp cellular stress responses to promote viral replication and avoid immune surveillance. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a conserved stress... (Review)
Review
Herpesviruses usurp cellular stress responses to promote viral replication and avoid immune surveillance. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a conserved stress response that is activated when the protein load in the ER exceeds folding capacity and misfolded proteins accumulate. The UPR aims to restore protein homeostasis through translational and transcriptional reprogramming; if homeostasis cannot be restored, the UPR switches from "helper" to "executioner", triggering apoptosis. It is thought that the burst of herpesvirus glycoprotein synthesis during lytic replication causes ER stress, and that these viruses may have evolved mechanisms to manage UPR signaling to create an optimal niche for replication. The past decade has seen considerable progress in understanding how herpesviruses reprogram the UPR. Here we provide an overview of the molecular events of UPR activation, signaling and transcriptional outputs, and highlight key evidence that herpesviruses hijack the UPR to aid infection.
Topics: Activating Transcription Factor 6; Animals; Disease Susceptibility; Herpesviridae; Herpesviridae Infections; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Intracellular Membranes; Proteolysis; Unfolded Protein Response
PubMed: 31877732
DOI: 10.3390/v12010017 -
Viruses Mar 2022DNA virus infections are often lifelong and can cause serious diseases in their hosts. Their recognition by the sensors of the innate immune system represents the front... (Review)
Review
DNA virus infections are often lifelong and can cause serious diseases in their hosts. Their recognition by the sensors of the innate immune system represents the front line of host defence. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of innate immunity responses is an important prerequisite for the design of effective antivirotics. This review focuses on the present state of knowledge surrounding the mechanisms of viral DNA genome sensing and the main induced pathways of innate immunity responses. The studies that have been performed to date indicate that herpesviruses, adenoviruses, and polyomaviruses are sensed by various DNA sensors. In non-immune cells, STING pathways have been shown to be activated by cGAS, IFI16, DDX41, or DNA-PK. The activation of TLR9 has mainly been described in pDCs and in other immune cells. Importantly, studies on herpesviruses have unveiled novel participants (BRCA1, H2B, or DNA-PK) in the IFI16 sensing pathway. Polyomavirus studies have revealed that, in addition to viral DNA, micronuclei are released into the cytosol due to genotoxic stress. Papillomaviruses, HBV, and HIV have been shown to evade DNA sensing by sophisticated intracellular trafficking, unique cell tropism, and viral or cellular protein actions that prevent or block DNA sensing. Further research is required to fully understand the interplay between viruses and DNA sensors.
Topics: DNA Virus Infections; DNA, Viral; Herpesviridae; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Polyomavirus
PubMed: 35458396
DOI: 10.3390/v14040666 -
Journal of Virology Jun 2018Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in the host response against viral infections and cancer development. They are able to kill virus-infected and tumor... (Review)
Review
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in the host response against viral infections and cancer development. They are able to kill virus-infected and tumor cells, and they produce different important cytokines that stimulate the antiviral and antitumor adaptive immune response, particularly interferon gamma. NK cells are of particular importance in herpesvirus infections, which is illustrated by systemic and life-threatening herpesvirus disease symptoms in patients with deficiencies in NK cell activity and by the myriad of reports describing herpesvirus NK cell evasion strategies. The latter is particularly obvious for cytomegaloviruses, but increasing evidence indicates that most, if not all, members of the herpesvirus family suppress NK cell activity to some extent. This review discusses the different NK cell evasion strategies described for herpesviruses and how this knowledge may translate to clinical applications.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Herpesviridae; Herpesviridae Infections; Humans; Immune Evasion; Killer Cells, Natural; Lymphocyte Activation; Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
PubMed: 29540598
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02105-17 -
Viruses May 2021Selective autophagy has emerged as a key mechanism of quality and quantity control responsible for the autophagic degradation of specific subcellular organelles and... (Review)
Review
Selective autophagy has emerged as a key mechanism of quality and quantity control responsible for the autophagic degradation of specific subcellular organelles and materials. In addition, a specific type of selective autophagy (xenophagy) is also activated as a line of defense against invading intracellular pathogens, such as viruses. However, viruses have evolved strategies to counteract the host's antiviral defense and even to activate some proviral types of selective autophagy, such as mitophagy, for their successful infection and replication. This review discusses the current knowledge on the regulation of selective autophagy by human herpesviruses.
Topics: Autophagy; Gene Expression Regulation; Herpesviridae; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Macroautophagy; Mitophagy
PubMed: 34062931
DOI: 10.3390/v13050820