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Viruses Jul 2022Alphaherpesviruses, one of three sub-families of the , are of keen interest to biomedical scientists for several reasons [...].
Alphaherpesviruses, one of three sub-families of the , are of keen interest to biomedical scientists for several reasons [...].
Topics: Alphaherpesvirinae; Herpesviridae; Herpesviridae Infections; Humans
PubMed: 36016274
DOI: 10.3390/v14081652 -
The Journal of General Virology Oct 2021Members of the family have enveloped, spherical virions with characteristic complex structures consisting of symmetrical and non-symmetrical components. The linear,...
Members of the family have enveloped, spherical virions with characteristic complex structures consisting of symmetrical and non-symmetrical components. The linear, double-stranded DNA genomes of 125-241 kbp contain 70-170 genes, of which 43 have been inherited from an ancestral herpesvirus. In general, herpesviruses have coevolved with and are highly adapted to their hosts, which comprise many mammalian, avian and reptilian species. Following primary infection, they are able to establish lifelong latent infection, during which there is limited viral gene expression. Severe disease is usually observed only in the foetus, the very young, the immunocompromised or following infection of an alternative host. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family , which is available at ictv.global/report/herpesviridae.
Topics: Animals; Evolution, Molecular; Genome, Viral; Herpesviridae; Herpesviridae Infections; Host Adaptation; Virion; Virus Latency; Virus Replication
PubMed: 34704922
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001673 -
Veterinary Microbiology Jun 2010This paper is about the taxonomy and genomics of herpesviruses. Each theme is presented as a digest of current information flanked by commentaries on past activities and...
This paper is about the taxonomy and genomics of herpesviruses. Each theme is presented as a digest of current information flanked by commentaries on past activities and future directions. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses recently instituted a major update of herpesvirus classification. The former family Herpesviridae was elevated to a new order, the Herpesvirales, which now accommodates 3 families, 3 subfamilies, 17 genera and 90 species. Future developments will include revisiting the herpesvirus species definition and the criteria used for taxonomic assignment, particularly in regard to the possibilities of classifying the large number of herpesviruses detected only as DNA sequences by polymerase chain reaction. Nucleotide sequence accessions in primary databases, such as GenBank, consist of the sequences plus annotations of the genetic features. The quality of these accessions is important because they provide a knowledge base that is used widely by the research community. However, updating the accessions to take account of improved knowledge is essentially reserved to the original depositors, and this activity is rarely undertaken. Thus, the primary databases are likely to become antiquated. In contrast, secondary databases are open to curation by experts other than the original depositors, thus increasing the likelihood that they will remain up to date. One of the most promising secondary databases is RefSeq, which aims to furnish the best available annotations for complete genome sequences. Progress in regard to improving the RefSeq herpesvirus accessions is discussed, and insights into particular aspects of herpesvirus genomics arising from this work are reported.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Base Sequence; Databases, Genetic; Herpesviridae; Molecular Sequence Data; Sequence Alignment; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 20346601
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.02.014 -
The Indian Journal of Medical Research Aug 2015
Topics: Acyclovir; Adult; Cheilitis; Herpesviridae; Humans; Male
PubMed: 26354224
DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.164277 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021
Topics: Herpesviridae; Herpesviridae Infections; Humans
PubMed: 34631605
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.771331 -
Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) Oct 2001Herpesviruses are among the most successful human pathogens. In healthy individuals, primary infection is most often inapparent. After primary infection, the virus... (Review)
Review
Herpesviruses are among the most successful human pathogens. In healthy individuals, primary infection is most often inapparent. After primary infection, the virus becomes latent in ganglia or blood mononuclear cells. Three major subfamilies of herpesviruses have been identified based on similar growth characteristics, genomic structure, and tissue predilection. Each herpesvirus has evolved its own unique ecological niche within the host that allows the maintenance of latency over the life of the individual (e.g. the adaptation to specific cell types in establishing latent infection and the mechanisms, including expression of different sets of genes, by which the virus remains latent). Neurotropic alphaherpesviruses become latent in dorsal root ganglia and reactivate to produce epidermal ulceration, either localized (herpes simplex types 1 and 2) or spread over several dermatomes (varicalla-zoster virus). Human cytomegalovirus, the prototype betaherpesvirus, establishes latency in bone marrow-derived myeloid progenitor cells. Reactivation of latent virus is especially serious in transplant recipients and AIDS patients. Lymphotropic gammaherpesviruses (Epstein-Barr virus) reside latent in resting B cells and reactivate to produce various neurologic complications. This review highlights the alphaherpesvirus, specifically herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus, and describes the characteristics of latent infection.
Topics: Alphaherpesvirinae; Animals; DNA, Viral; Ganglia, Sensory; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Herpesviridae; Herpesviridae Infections; Humans; Virus Latency
PubMed: 11556692
DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2001.tb00415.x -
Viruses Sep 2021Cell-cell fusion is a fundamental and complex process that occurs during reproduction, organ and tissue growth, cancer metastasis, immune response, and infection. All... (Review)
Review
Cell-cell fusion is a fundamental and complex process that occurs during reproduction, organ and tissue growth, cancer metastasis, immune response, and infection. All enveloped viruses express one or more proteins that drive the fusion of the viral envelope with cellular membranes. The same proteins can mediate the fusion of the plasma membranes of adjacent cells, leading to the formation of multinucleated syncytia. While cell-cell fusion triggered by alpha- and gammaherpesviruses is well-studied, much less is known about the fusogenic potential of betaherpesviruses such as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and human herpesviruses 6 and 7 (HHV-6 and HHV-7). These are slow-growing viruses that are highly prevalent in the human population and associated with several diseases, particularly in individuals with an immature or impaired immune system such as fetuses and transplant recipients. While HHV-6 and HHV-7 are strictly lymphotropic, HCMV infects a very broad range of cell types including epithelial, endothelial, mesenchymal, and myeloid cells. Syncytia have been observed occasionally for all three betaherpesviruses, both during in vitro and in vivo infection. Since cell-cell fusion may allow efficient spread to neighboring cells without exposure to neutralizing antibodies and other host immune factors, viral-induced syncytia may be important for viral dissemination, long-term persistence, and pathogenicity. In this review, we provide an overview of the viral and cellular factors and mechanisms identified so far in the process of cell-cell fusion induced by betaherpesviruses and discuss the possible consequences for cellular dysfunction and pathogenesis.
Topics: Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Betaherpesvirinae; Cell Fusion; Cytomegalovirus; Giant Cells; Herpesviridae; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 6, Human; Herpesvirus 7, Human; Humans; Viral Envelope Proteins; Virus Internalization
PubMed: 34696402
DOI: 10.3390/v13101973 -
Journal of Virology Jan 1968The growth and envelopment processes of three representative herpesviruses, equine abortion, pseudorabies, and herpes simplex, were examined in baby hamster kidney (BHK...
The growth and envelopment processes of three representative herpesviruses, equine abortion, pseudorabies, and herpes simplex, were examined in baby hamster kidney (BHK 21/13) cells by bioassay (plaque-forming units) and electron microscopy. The envelopment process was identical for all three viruses. After assembly in the nucleus, the nucleocapsid acquired an envelope by budding from the inner nuclear membrane. This membrane was reduplicated as the enveloped particle was released so that the budding process did not result in disruption of the continuity of the nuclear membrane. That portion of the nuclear membrane which comprised the viral envelope was appreciably thicker than the remainder of the membrane and exhibited numerous projections on its surface. Once enveloped, the viral particles were seen in vesicles and vacuoles in the cell cytoplasm. These appeared to open at the cytoplasmic membrane, releasing the virus from the cell. There was no detectable difference in the size or appearance of enveloped particles in intra- or extracellular locations.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Cricetinae; Culture Techniques; Herpesviridae; Kidney; Microscopy, Electron; Simplexvirus
PubMed: 4316013
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.2.1.48-55.1968 -
Veterinary Microbiology Jan 2010Herpesviruses are highly host specific and share a long synchronous evolution with their hosts. Only in rare cases, species barriers fall and allow animal to human or... (Review)
Review
Herpesviruses are highly host specific and share a long synchronous evolution with their hosts. Only in rare cases, species barriers fall and allow animal to human or human to animal transmission. Among the zoonotic herpesviruses, Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 is the most significant and can be transmitted from macaques to human. Conversely, Human herpesvirus 1 is capable of causing severe disease in primates. Besides those two examples, there are several herpesviruses with a certainly limited or only suspected ability to cross species barriers. Those include Saimiriine herpesvirus 2, Phocid herpesvirus 2, Equid herpesvirus 1, Epstein-Barr Virus, Marek's disease virus, and Pseudorabies virus. Concerning xenotransplantations, porcine gammaherpesviruses must be considered as a zoonotic threat.
Topics: Animals; Herpesviridae; Herpesviridae Infections; Humans; Primates; Zoonoses
PubMed: 19616388
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.06.020 -
Virology Journal Dec 2023Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common gynecologic tumors among women around the world. Although the etiological role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in CC is well... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common gynecologic tumors among women around the world. Although the etiological role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in CC is well established, other factors in CC carcinogenesis remains unclear. Here, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the association between infections of human herpesvirus (HHVs) and CC risk.
METHODS
Embase and PubMed databases were utilized to search the relevant studies. The revised JBI Critical Appraisal Tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Prevalence and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to evaluate the association between viral infection and CC or precancerous cervical lesions (PCL).
RESULTS
Totally 67 eligible studies involving 7 different HHVs were included in meta-analysis. We found an increased risk of CC or PCL that was associated with the overall infection of HHVs (CC, OR = 2.74, 95% CI 2.13-3.53; PCL, OR = 1.95, 95% CI 1.58-2.41). Subgroup analysis showed a trend towards positive correlations between herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection and CC (OR = 3.01, 95% CI 2.24 to 4.04) or PCL (OR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.55 to 2.96), and the same is true between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and CC (OR = 4.89, 95% CI 2.18 to 10.96) or PCL (OR = 3.55, 95% CI 2.52 to 5.00). However, for HSV-1 and cytomegalovirus (HCMV), there was no association between viral infection and CC or PCL. By contrast, the roles of HHV-6, HHV-7, and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in cervical lesions were unclear due to the limited number of studies.
CONCLUSIONS
This study provided evidence that HHVs infection as a whole increase the risk of CC incidence. In addition, some types of HHVs such as EBV and HSV-2 may serve as potential targets in the development of new interventions or therapeutic strategies for cervical lesions.
Topics: Humans; Female; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesviridae; Herpes Simplex; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Herpesvirus 2, Human
PubMed: 38049836
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02234-5