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Seminars in Immunopathology Sep 2022In the past two decades, work on the microbiota-gut-brain axis has led to a renewed appreciation for the interconnectedness between body systems in both clinical and... (Review)
Review
In the past two decades, work on the microbiota-gut-brain axis has led to a renewed appreciation for the interconnectedness between body systems in both clinical and scientific circles. In the USA alone, millions of adults are burdened with non-communicable chronic diseases whose putative etiologies were previously thought to be restricted to either the gut or brain, such as inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, and autism spectrum disorder. However, the recent explosion of research into the impacts of the gut microbiome on diverse aspects of human health has revealed the potentially critical importance of reciprocal interactions between the gut microbiota, the immune system, and the brain in diverse diseases and disorders. In this review, we revisit the history of gut-brain interactions in science and medicine, which dates back to at least the eighteenth century, and outline how concepts in this field have shifted and evolved across eras. Next, we highlight the modern resurgence of gut-brain axis research, focusing on neuro-immune-microbiota interactions and recent progress towards a mechanistic understanding of the diverse impacts of the microbiome on human health. Finally, we offer a forward-looking perspective on the future of microbiota-gut-brain research, which may eventually reveal new paths towards the treatment of diverse diseases influenced by the complex connections between the microbiota and the brain.
Topics: Autism Spectrum Disorder; Brain; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Instinct; Microbiota
PubMed: 35786740
DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00948-2 -
Canadian Medical Association Journal Sep 1965Skurfboarding is currently enjoying a phase of popularity, but it is not without hazards. Among 75 consecutive cases of skurfboard injuries seen in an emergency...
Skurfboarding is currently enjoying a phase of popularity, but it is not without hazards. Among 75 consecutive cases of skurfboard injuries seen in an emergency department, 29 fractures were encountered, 16 of which were in the region of the ankle and foot. The majority of injuries, however, consisted of sprains, contusions and abrasions. Six patients required hospital admission, three for operative management of fractures and three because of head injuries.The concrete playground, the instability of the board, the lack of protective clothing and the exhibitionist instincts of the teen-age enthusiast are suggested as factors responsible, at least in part, for the injuries sustained on skurfboards.
Topics: Adolescent; Ankle Joint; Athletic Injuries; Biometry; Child; Contusions; Craniocerebral Trauma; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Fractures, Bone; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; Sports; Sports Medicine; Sprains and Strains; Statistics as Topic; Tarsal Bones; Wounds and Injuries
PubMed: 14348550
DOI: No ID Found -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Apr 2018Cultural evolution and cognitive science need each other. Cultural evolution needs cognitive science to find out whether the conditions necessary for Darwinian evolution... (Review)
Review
Cultural evolution and cognitive science need each other. Cultural evolution needs cognitive science to find out whether the conditions necessary for Darwinian evolution are met in the cultural domain. Cognitive science needs cultural evolution to explain the origins of distinctively human cognitive processes. Focusing on the first question, I argue that cultural evolutionists can get empirical traction on by rooting the distinction between replication and reconstruction, two modes of cultural inheritance, in the distinction between System 1 and System 2 cognitive processes. This move suggests that cultural epidemiologists are right in thinking that replication has higher fidelity than reconstruction, and replication processes are not genetic adaptations for culture, but wrong to assume that replication is rare. If replication is not rare, an important requirement for third-way cultural selection, , is likely to be met. However, there are other requirements, overlooked by dual-inheritance theorists when they conflate strong (Darwinian) and weak (choice) senses of 'cultural selection', including and In a second excursion into cognitive science, I argue that these requirements can be met by , and trace the origins of these distinctively human cognitive processes to cultural evolution. Like other forms of cultural learning, they are not cognitive instincts but cognitive gadgets.This article is part of the theme issue 'Bridging cultural gaps: interdisciplinary studies in human cultural evolution'.
Topics: Cognitive Science; Cultural Evolution; Humans; Social Learning
PubMed: 29440517
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0051 -
Heliyon Sep 2021This paper deals with the fundamental relation and importance of education, intuition and creativity as innovation drivers. In this context, the central questions arise... (Review)
Review
This paper deals with the fundamental relation and importance of education, intuition and creativity as innovation drivers. In this context, the central questions arise what is meant by "education" and what creative roles do "education" and "intuition" play in the emergence of the new? The modern concept of education developed essentially on the ideas of humanism and enlightenment, which found their roots in antiquity. In the current understanding, education becomes a continuous adaptation and development. The human being is a dynamic entity, which is both influenced by the respective environment, and at the same time can itself change and influence this environment. Education generates and imparts knowledge throughout life. For perceiving and judging our environment and life, there is besides rationality also a world of feelings, emotions and heart. Based on the perception and judgment model of Carl Gustav Jung, intuition and especially intuitive competence are addressed as central influencing factors of education and creativity. Intuitive perception opens us up to new knowledge and opens up a multi-level spectrum of creativity. As the driver of innovation, education becomes the link between conscious rationality and unconscious emotionality. A rational problem analysis should be followed by an intuitive solution finding, an instinctive and emotional grasp of future market opportunities. In this context, the inspirational intuition plays a particularly important role. At the end of the paper there is a critical appreciation of the innovative possibilities of mankind. It is at the same time an exhortation for a preserving and integrative creative work. Our creative power gives us creative potential and enables us to change and shape the world over and over again.
PubMed: 34522814
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07923 -
Endocrine Reviews Jul 2022The hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt/Orx) system in the perifornical lateral hypothalamus has been recognized as a critical node in a complex network of neuronal systems... (Review)
Review
The hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt/Orx) system in the perifornical lateral hypothalamus has been recognized as a critical node in a complex network of neuronal systems controlling both physiology and behavior in vertebrates. Our understanding of the Hcrt/Orx system and its array of functions and actions has grown exponentially in merely 2 decades. This review will examine the latest progress in discerning the roles played by the Hcrt/Orx system in regulating homeostatic functions and in executing instinctive and learned behaviors. Furthermore, the gaps that currently exist in our knowledge of sex-related differences in this field of study are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Neurons; Neuropeptides; Orexins
PubMed: 34792130
DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab042 -
The Indian Medical Gazette Mar 1898
PubMed: 29001730
DOI: No ID Found -
Neuroscience Bulletin Dec 2022Nervous systems must not only generate specific adaptive behaviors, such as reproduction, aggression, feeding, and sleep, but also select a single behavior for execution... (Review)
Review
Nervous systems must not only generate specific adaptive behaviors, such as reproduction, aggression, feeding, and sleep, but also select a single behavior for execution at any given time, depending on both internal states and external environmental conditions. Despite their tremendous biological importance, the neural mechanisms of action selection remain poorly understood. In the past decade, studies in the model animal Drosophila melanogaster have demonstrated valuable neural mechanisms underlying action selection of innate behaviors. In this review, we summarize circuit mechanisms with a particular focus on a small number of sexually dimorphic neurons in controlling action selection among sex, fight, feeding, and sleep behaviors in both sexes of flies. We also discuss potentially conserved circuit configurations and neuromodulation of action selection in both the fly and mouse models, aiming to provide insights into action selection and the sexually dimorphic prioritization of innate behaviors.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Male; Female; Drosophila melanogaster; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Instinct; Neurons; Aggression
PubMed: 35633465
DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00886-x -
Frontiers in Psychology 2019Modern scientific theories of emotional behavior, almost without exception, trace their origin to Charles Darwin, and his publications (1859) and (1872). The most... (Review)
Review
Modern scientific theories of emotional behavior, almost without exception, trace their origin to Charles Darwin, and his publications (1859) and (1872). The most famous dilemma Darwin acknowledged as a challenge to his theory of evolution through natural selection was the incomplete Sub-Cambrian fossil record. However, Darwin struggled with two other rarely referenced theoretical and scientific dilemmas that confounded his theories about emotional behavior. These included (1) the origin of social instincts (e.g., altruism, empathy, reciprocity and cooperation) and the reasons for their conservation in evolution and (2) the peripheral control of heart rate vis-à-vis emotional behavior outside of consciousness. Darwin acknowledged that social instincts are critical to the survival of some species, but had difficulty aligning them with his theory of natural selection in humans. Darwin eventually proposed that heart rate and emotions are controlled via one's intellect and cortical mechanisms, and that instinctive behavior is genetically programmed and inherited. Despite ongoing efforts, these two theoretical dilemmas are debated to this day. Simple testable hypotheses have yet to emerge for the biological mechanisms underlying instinctive behavior or the way heart rate is controlled in infants. In this paper, we review attempts to resolve these issues over the past 160 years. We posit that research and theories that supported Darwin's individualistic brain-centric and genetic model have become an "orthodox" Western view of emotional behavior, one that produced the prevailing behavioral construct of attachment as developed by John Bowlby. We trace research and theories that challenged this orthodoxy at various times, and show how these challenges were repeatedly overlooked, rejected, or misinterpreted. We review two new testable theories, and , which we argue resolve the two dilemmas We show emerging scientific evidence from physiology and a wide variety of other fields, as well from clinical trials among prematurely born infants, that supports the two theories. Clinical implications of the new theories and possible new ways to assess risk and intervene in emotional, behavioral and developmental disorders are discussed.
PubMed: 31031667
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00683 -
SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine 2020New data specific to COVID-19 are emerging quickly on key issues of immunity and prevention, but past research in coronavirology and for other human pathogens (e.g., )... (Review)
Review
New data specific to COVID-19 are emerging quickly on key issues of immunity and prevention, but past research in coronavirology and for other human pathogens (e.g., ) has been available and of great relevance. Considerable study of endemic human coronaviruses has shown that neutralizing antibody correlates with protection, but effective clinical protection is variable for subsequent virus exposure. Animal coronavirus research has emphasized the importance of local mucosal protection (especially IgA) and systemic responses. Animal model and human post-infection studies for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are largely corroborative. Whether for passive therapeutic strategies or vaccination, these findings provide a template for COVID-19. Many approaches to vaccination have emerged, and there may be more than one vaccine that will be applied, but individualized obstacles and concerns for administration, efficacy, and safety are inevitable. Regardless of safeguards or promises that may be understood from laboratory or vertebrate experiments, observations from large-scale human trials will ultimately prove to shape the medical future. Focus on common mucosal immunity can be underrated, and equally or more, focus on lactogenic immunity may be underestimated. In understanding both passive immunity and protection, the body is already primed to educate us with decisions of what constitutes protection and harm. This review provides key insights that drive hypotheses into how the instinct of immunity and the intelligence of the maternal component of the common mucosal immune system has already guided us and may continue to do so effectively into a bright and safe future.
PubMed: 33195997
DOI: 10.1007/s42399-020-00634-0 -
The Neuroscientist : a Review Journal... Oct 2019The striatum is a critical component of the brain that controls motor, reward, and executive function. This ancient and phylogenetically conserved structure forms a... (Review)
Review
The striatum is a critical component of the brain that controls motor, reward, and executive function. This ancient and phylogenetically conserved structure forms a central hub where rapid instinctive, reflexive movements and behaviors in response to sensory stimulation or the retrieval of emotional memory intersect with slower planned motor movements and rational behaviors. This review emphasizes two distinct pathways that begin in the thalamus and converge in the striatum to differentially affect movements, behaviors, and decision making. The convergence of excitatory glutamatergic activity from the thalamus and cortex, along with dopamine release in response to novel stimulation, provide the basis for motor learning, reward seeking, and habit formation. We outline how the rules derived through research on neural pathways may enhance the predictability of reflexive actions and rational responses studied in behavioral economics.
Topics: Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Corpus Striatum; Decision Making; Dopamine; Emotions; Glutamic Acid; Habits; Humans; Learning; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Reward; Thalamus
PubMed: 30678530
DOI: 10.1177/1073858418824256