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Microbial Cell Factories Nov 2020Human vagina is colonised by a diverse array of microorganisms that make up the normal microbiota and mycobiota. Lactobacillus is the most frequently isolated... (Review)
Review
Human vagina is colonised by a diverse array of microorganisms that make up the normal microbiota and mycobiota. Lactobacillus is the most frequently isolated microorganism from the healthy human vagina, this includes Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus iners, and Lactobacillus jensenii. These vaginal lactobacilli have been touted to prevent invasion of pathogens by keeping their population in check. However, the disruption of vaginal ecosystem contributes to the overgrowth of pathogens which causes complicated vaginal infections such as bacterial vaginosis (BV), sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Predisposing factors such as menses, pregnancy, sexual practice, uncontrolled usage of antibiotics, and vaginal douching can alter the microbial community. Therefore, the composition of vaginal microbiota serves an important role in determining vagina health. Owing to their Generally Recognised as Safe (GRAS) status, lactobacilli have been widely utilised as one of the alternatives besides conventional antimicrobial treatment against vaginal pathogens for the prevention of chronic vaginitis and the restoration of vaginal ecosystem. In addition, the effectiveness of Lactobacillus as prophylaxis has also been well-founded in long-term administration. This review aimed to highlight the beneficial effects of lactobacilli derivatives (i.e. surface-active molecules) with anti-biofilm, antioxidant, pathogen-inhibition, and immunomodulation activities in developing remedies for vaginal infections. We also discuss the current challenges in the implementation of the use of lactobacilli derivatives in promotion of human health. In the current review, we intend to provide insights for the development of lactobacilli derivatives as a complementary or alternative medicine to conventional probiotic therapy in vaginal health.
Topics: Complementary Therapies; Female; Humans; Lactobacillus; Microbiota; Probiotics; Vagina; Vaginosis, Bacterial
PubMed: 33160356
DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01464-4 -
MicrobiologyOpen Feb 2021The healthy vaginal microbiota is dominated by Lactobacillus spp., which provide an important critical line of defense against pathogens, as well as giving beneficial...
The healthy vaginal microbiota is dominated by Lactobacillus spp., which provide an important critical line of defense against pathogens, as well as giving beneficial effects to the host. We characterized L. gasseri 1A-TV, L. fermentum 18A-TV, and L. crispatus 35A-TV, from the vaginal microbiota of healthy premenopausal women, for their potential probiotic activities. The antimicrobial effects of the 3 strains and their combination against clinical urogenital bacteria were evaluated together with the activities of their metabolites produced by cell-free supernatants (CFSs). Their beneficial properties in terms of ability to interfere with vaginal pathogens (co-aggregation, adhesion to HeLa cells, biofilm formation) and antimicrobial activity mediated by CFSs were assessed against multidrug urogenital pathogens (S. agalactiae, E. coli, KPC-producing K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. faecium VRE, E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, P. vulgaris, C. albicans, C. glabrata). The Lactobacilli tested exhibited an extraordinary ability to interfere and co-aggregate with urogenital pathogens, except for Candida spp., as well as to adhere to HeLa cells and to produce biofilm in the Lactobacillus combination. Lactobacillus CFSs and their combination revealed a strong bactericidal effect on the multidrug resistant indicator strains tested, except for E. faecium and E. faecalis. The antimicrobial activity was maintained after heat treatment but decreased after enzymatic treatment. All Lactobacilli showed lactic dehydrogenase activity and production of D- and L-lactic acid isomers on Lactobacillus CFSs, while only 1A-TV and 35A-TV released hydrogen peroxide and carried helveticin J and acidocin A bacteriocins. These results suggest that they can be employed as a new vaginal probiotic formulation and bio-therapeutic preparation against urogenital infections. Further, in vivo studies are needed to evaluate human health benefits in clinical situations.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Lactobacillus; Probiotics; Vagina
PubMed: 33970542
DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1173 -
Cell Host & Microbe Dec 2018Alternatives to antibiotics for preventing diarrhea in early-weaned farm animals are sorely needed. CM piglets (a native Chinese breed) are more resistant to...
Alternatives to antibiotics for preventing diarrhea in early-weaned farm animals are sorely needed. CM piglets (a native Chinese breed) are more resistant to early-weaning stress-induced diarrhea than the commercial crossbred LY piglets. Transferring fecal microbiota, but not saline, from healthy CM into LY piglets by oral administration prior to early weaning conferred diarrhea resistance. By comparing the relative abundance of intestinal microbiota in saline and microbiota transferred LY piglets, we identified and validated Lactobacillus gasseri LA39 and Lactobacillus frumenti as two bacterial species that mediate diarrhea resistance. Diarrhea resistance depended on the bacterial secretory circular peptide gassericin A, a bacteriocin. The binding of gassericin A to Keratin 19 (KRT19) on the plasma membrane of intestinal epithelial cells was essential for enhancement of fluid absorption and decreased secretion. These findings suggest the use of L. gasseri LA39 and L. frumenti as antibiotic alternatives for preventing diarrhea in mammals.
Topics: Animals; Bacteriocins; Cell Line; Cell Membrane; Diarrhea; Enterocytes; Feces; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Keratin-19; Lactobacillus gasseri; Mice; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; Swine; Weaning
PubMed: 30543777
DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.11.006 -
Nutrients Aug 2019Short-term administration of CP2305 improves stress-associated symptoms and clinical symptoms in healthy young adults and in patients with irritable bowel syndrome,... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Short-term administration of CP2305 improves stress-associated symptoms and clinical symptoms in healthy young adults and in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, respectively. We evaluated the efficacy and health benefits of the long-term use of a tablet containing heat-inactivated, washed CP2305 (CP2305) in healthy young adults. Sixty Japanese medical students (41 men and 19 women) preparing for the national examination for medical practitioners ingested CP2305-containing or placebo tablets once daily for 24 weeks. Intake of the CP2305 tablet significantly reduced anxiety and sleep disturbance relative to placebo, as quantitated by the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Single-channel sleep electroencephalograms show that CP2305 significantly shortened sleep latency and wake time after sleep onset and increased the delta power ratio in the first sleep cycle. CP2305 also significantly lowered salivary chromogranin A levels compared with placebo. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing of participant feces demonstrated that CP2305 administration attenuated the stress-induced decline of spp. and the stress-induced elevation of spp. We conclude that the long-term use of CP2305-containing tablets may improve the mental state, sleep quality, and gut microbiota of healthy adults under stressful conditions.
Topics: Adult; Bifidobacterium; Chromogranin A; Chronic Disease; Double-Blind Method; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Lactobacillus gasseri; Male; Probiotics; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Saliva; Sleep Wake Disorders; Streptococcus; Stress, Psychological; Students, Medical; Tablets; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult
PubMed: 31405122
DOI: 10.3390/nu11081859 -
Gut Microbes Nov 2020Previously, a synbiotic combination of probiotic 505 (LG) and a new prebiotic, leaf extract (CT) in fermented milk, designated FCT, showed an immunomodulatory effect...
Previously, a synbiotic combination of probiotic 505 (LG) and a new prebiotic, leaf extract (CT) in fermented milk, designated FCT, showed an immunomodulatory effect and antioxidant activity. Although synbiotic combination might have cancer-protective effects, these activities have not been fully validated . Ten-week treatment of LG, CT, or FCT to azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) mouse model reduced both the incidence of colonic tumors and damage to the colonic mucosa effectively, suggesting a cancer-protective effect. To understand these, biomarkers associated with inflammation, colon barrier, apoptosis, and cancer cell proliferation were monitored in AOM/DSS group versus LG/CT/FCT groups. A synbiotic combination (FCT) down-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-6) and inflammation-associated enzymes (iNOS and COX-2), and up-regulated anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10). In addition, colon barrier experiment revealed that biomarkers of mucus layer (MUC-2 and TFF3) and tight junction (occludin and ZO-1) were up-regulated. Subsequent apoptosis experiment showed that pro-apoptotic factors (p53, p21, and Bax) were up-regulated and anti-apoptotic factors (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL) were down-regulated. Furthermore, comparative metagenome analysis of gut microbiota revealed that decreased but , and increased, supporting their protective effects, accompanied by increased short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Taken together, the FCT administration showed cancer-protective effects by reducing the risk of colitis-associated colon cancer via regulation of inflammation, carcinogenesis, and compositional change of gut microbiota. Consequently, the synbiotic combination (FCT) could be a novel potential health-protective natural agent against CAC.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Cell Proliferation; Colitis-Associated Neoplasms; Colon; Cultured Milk Products; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Feces; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Immunomodulation; Inflammation; Lactobacillus gasseri; Maclura; Mice; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Synbiotics
PubMed: 32663105
DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1785803 -
Frontiers in Reproductive Health 2021The ovulatory cycle has a significant influence on the microbial composition, according to the action of estrogen and progesterone on the stratified squamous epithelium,... (Review)
Review
The ovulatory cycle has a significant influence on the microbial composition, according to the action of estrogen and progesterone on the stratified squamous epithelium, due to an increase in epithelial thickness, glycogen deposition, and influence on local immunology. The 16S rRNA gene amplification and pyrosequencing study demonstrated that healthy women have community state types (CST), classified as; type "," with a predominance of , type II, with a predominance of , type III, where predominates, and type V with a predominance of . Type IV does not identify lactobacilli but a heterogeneous population of bacteria. There seems to be a relationship between increased vaginal bacterial diversity and poverty of lactobacilli with the complaining of vaginal dryness. With menopause, there appears to be a reduction in lactobacilli associated with higher serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lower estrogen levels. The evaluation of Gram-stained vaginal smears in postmenopause women must take into account the clinical-laboratory correlation. We should observe two meanly possibilities, atrophy with few bacterial morphotypes, without inflammatory, infiltrate (atrophy without inflammation), and atrophy with evident inflammatory infiltrate (atrophy with inflammation or atrophic vaginitis). The relationship between the microbiome and postmenopausal vulvovaginal symptoms seems to be related to the bacterial vaginal population. However, more robust studies are needed to confirm this impression.
PubMed: 36304005
DOI: 10.3389/frph.2021.780931 -
Autophagy Feb 2023Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), mainly caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), is a severe central nervous system disease commonly followed by cognitive...
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), mainly caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), is a severe central nervous system disease commonly followed by cognitive impairment, behavioral changes, and focal neurological signs. Although increasing evidence implicates the central role of microglia in HSE progression, the intrinsic restrictors or the acquired environmental factors that balance the beneficial or detrimental immune responses in microglia remain unclear. In a recent study, we find that a gut microbial metabolite activates mitophagy to regulate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and to mitigate HSE progression. HSV-1 neurotropic infection causes gut microbiota dysbiosis and microglial antiviral immune response, whereas depletion of gut microbiota by oral antibiotics treatment further results in hyperactivated microglia and exacerbated HSE pathology. Notably, exogenous administration of nicotinamide n-oxide (NAMO), an oxidative product of nicotinamide mainly produced by intestinal neomycin-sensitive bacteria, especially Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus reuteri, can significantly suppress HSE progression. Mechanistically, HSV-1 infection causes mitochondrial dysfunction and impairs mitophagy to activate microglia and promote proinflammatory cytokine production, whereas NAMO restores NAD+-dependent mitophagy to restrain microglial over-activation and to prevent HSV-1 early infection in neuronal cells. This work reveals a novel function of gut microbial metabolites as intrinsic regulators of microglia homeostasis and neuroinflammation via mitophagy. AD: Alzheimer disease; ABX: antibiotics; HSE: herpes simplex encephalitis; HSV-1: herpes simplex virus type 1; NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NAMO: nicotinamide n-oxide; SCFAs: short-chain fatty acids.
Topics: Humans; Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex; Microglia; Neuroinflammatory Diseases; Brain-Gut Axis; Mitophagy; Autophagy; Herpesvirus 1, Human
PubMed: 35849507
DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2102309 -
PeerJ 2022Antimicrobial and antifungal species are essential members of the healthy human microbiota. Several different species of lactobacilli that naturally inhabit the human...
BACKGROUND
Antimicrobial and antifungal species are essential members of the healthy human microbiota. Several different species of lactobacilli that naturally inhabit the human body have been explored for their probiotic capabilities including strains of the species . However, (identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing) has been associated with urogenital symptoms. Recently a new sister taxon of was described: . is also posited to have probiotic qualities.
METHODS
Here, we present a genomic investigation of all ( = 79) publicly available genome assemblies for both species. These strains include isolates from the vaginal tract, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, oral cavity, wounds, and lungs.
RESULTS
The two species cannot be distinguished from short-read sequencing of the 16S rRNA as the full-length gene sequences differ only by two nucleotides. Based upon average nucleotide identity (ANI), we identified 20 strains deposited as that are in fact representatives of . Investigation of the genic content of the strains of these two species suggests recent divergence and/or frequent gene exchange between the two species. The genomes frequently harbored intact prophage sequences, including prophages identified in strains of both species. To further explore the antimicrobial potential associated with both species, genome assemblies were examined for biosynthetic gene clusters. Gassericin T and S were identified in 46 of the genome assemblies, with all strains including one or both bacteriocins. This suggests that the properties once ascribed to may better represent the species.
Topics: Female; Humans; Lactobacillus gasseri; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Genomics; Mouth; Prophages
PubMed: 35694384
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13479 -
Nutrients Nov 2022Hyperlipidemia is a leading risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Dietary supplementation with probiotics has been suggested as an alternative intervention...
Hyperlipidemia is a leading risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Dietary supplementation with probiotics has been suggested as an alternative intervention to lower cholesterol. In the current study, we isolated a strain of RW2014 (LGA) from the feces of a healthy infant fed with breast milk, and it displayed bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity. Using this strain we determined its cholesterol-lowering and fatty liver-improving functions. SD rats were randomly divided into four groups. The control rats were fed a commercial chow diet and the other three groups were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for a 7-week experiment period. After two weeks of feeding, the rats in PBS, simvastin, and LGA group were daily administered through oral gavage with 2 mL PBS, simvastin (1 mg/mL), and 2 × 10 CFU/mouse live LGA in PBS, respectively. After five weeks of such treatment, the rats were euthanized and tissue samples were collected. Blood lipid and inflammatory factors were measured by ELISA, gut microbiota was determined by 16S rRNA sequencing, and bile acids profiles were detected by metabolomics. We found that LGA group had lower levels of blood cholesterol and liver steatosis compared to the simvastin group. LGA also significantly reducedthe levels of inflammatory factors in the serum, including TNFα, IL-1β, MCP-1, IL-6, and exotoxin (ET), and increased the levels of short-chain fatty acids in feces, including isobutyric acid, butyric acid, isovaleric acid, valeric acid, and hexanoic acid. In addition, LGA altered the compositions of gut microbiota as manifested by the increased ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroides and the relative abundance of genus. Targeted metabolomics results showed that bile acids, especially free bile acids and secondary bile acids in feces, were increased in LGA rats compared with the control rats. Accordingly, the rats administrated with LGA also had a higher abundance of serum bile acids, including 23-norcholic acid, 7-ketolithocholic acid, β-muricholic acid, cholic acid, and deoxycholic acid. Together, this study suggests that LGA may exert a cholesterol-lowering effect by modulating the metabolism of bile acids and the composition of gut microbiota.
Topics: Rats; Mice; Animals; Lactobacillus gasseri; Hyperlipidemias; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Diet, High-Fat; Bile Acids and Salts; Cholesterol
PubMed: 36500975
DOI: 10.3390/nu14234945 -
Microorganisms Apr 2022In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the use of cell-free supernatant of probiotics culture for nutritional and functional applications. In this...
In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the use of cell-free supernatant of probiotics culture for nutritional and functional applications. In this study, we investigated the effect of the cell-free supernatant from BNR17 (CFS) on anti-melanogenesis and reducing oxidative stress in B16-F10 murine melanoma cells and HaCaT human keratinocytes. Treatment with CFS significantly inhibited the production of extracellular and intracellular melanin without cytotoxicity during melanogenesis induced by the α-MSH in B16-F10 cells. The CFS dramatically reduced tyrosinase activity and the melanogenesis-related gene expression. Further, it showed antioxidative effects in a dose-dependent manner in DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) assays and significantly increased the mRNA levels of and in HaCaT cells. Furthermore, the CFS increased HO-1 and anti-oxidative-related gene expression during HO-induced oxidative stress in HaCaT cells. Together, this study suggests that the CFS reduces hyperpigmentation and inhibits oxidative stress, and thus can be used as a potential skincare product in the future.
PubMed: 35456838
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040788