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Microbial Cell Factories Nov 2020Human vagina is colonised by a diverse array of microorganisms that make up the normal microbiota and mycobiota. Lactobacillus is the most frequently isolated... (Review)
Review
Human vagina is colonised by a diverse array of microorganisms that make up the normal microbiota and mycobiota. Lactobacillus is the most frequently isolated microorganism from the healthy human vagina, this includes Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus iners, and Lactobacillus jensenii. These vaginal lactobacilli have been touted to prevent invasion of pathogens by keeping their population in check. However, the disruption of vaginal ecosystem contributes to the overgrowth of pathogens which causes complicated vaginal infections such as bacterial vaginosis (BV), sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Predisposing factors such as menses, pregnancy, sexual practice, uncontrolled usage of antibiotics, and vaginal douching can alter the microbial community. Therefore, the composition of vaginal microbiota serves an important role in determining vagina health. Owing to their Generally Recognised as Safe (GRAS) status, lactobacilli have been widely utilised as one of the alternatives besides conventional antimicrobial treatment against vaginal pathogens for the prevention of chronic vaginitis and the restoration of vaginal ecosystem. In addition, the effectiveness of Lactobacillus as prophylaxis has also been well-founded in long-term administration. This review aimed to highlight the beneficial effects of lactobacilli derivatives (i.e. surface-active molecules) with anti-biofilm, antioxidant, pathogen-inhibition, and immunomodulation activities in developing remedies for vaginal infections. We also discuss the current challenges in the implementation of the use of lactobacilli derivatives in promotion of human health. In the current review, we intend to provide insights for the development of lactobacilli derivatives as a complementary or alternative medicine to conventional probiotic therapy in vaginal health.
Topics: Complementary Therapies; Female; Humans; Lactobacillus; Microbiota; Probiotics; Vagina; Vaginosis, Bacterial
PubMed: 33160356
DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01464-4 -
Cell Host & Microbe Dec 2018Alternatives to antibiotics for preventing diarrhea in early-weaned farm animals are sorely needed. CM piglets (a native Chinese breed) are more resistant to...
Alternatives to antibiotics for preventing diarrhea in early-weaned farm animals are sorely needed. CM piglets (a native Chinese breed) are more resistant to early-weaning stress-induced diarrhea than the commercial crossbred LY piglets. Transferring fecal microbiota, but not saline, from healthy CM into LY piglets by oral administration prior to early weaning conferred diarrhea resistance. By comparing the relative abundance of intestinal microbiota in saline and microbiota transferred LY piglets, we identified and validated Lactobacillus gasseri LA39 and Lactobacillus frumenti as two bacterial species that mediate diarrhea resistance. Diarrhea resistance depended on the bacterial secretory circular peptide gassericin A, a bacteriocin. The binding of gassericin A to Keratin 19 (KRT19) on the plasma membrane of intestinal epithelial cells was essential for enhancement of fluid absorption and decreased secretion. These findings suggest the use of L. gasseri LA39 and L. frumenti as antibiotic alternatives for preventing diarrhea in mammals.
Topics: Animals; Bacteriocins; Cell Line; Cell Membrane; Diarrhea; Enterocytes; Feces; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Keratin-19; Lactobacillus gasseri; Mice; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; Swine; Weaning
PubMed: 30543777
DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.11.006 -
Nutrients Aug 2019Short-term administration of CP2305 improves stress-associated symptoms and clinical symptoms in healthy young adults and in patients with irritable bowel syndrome,... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Short-term administration of CP2305 improves stress-associated symptoms and clinical symptoms in healthy young adults and in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, respectively. We evaluated the efficacy and health benefits of the long-term use of a tablet containing heat-inactivated, washed CP2305 (CP2305) in healthy young adults. Sixty Japanese medical students (41 men and 19 women) preparing for the national examination for medical practitioners ingested CP2305-containing or placebo tablets once daily for 24 weeks. Intake of the CP2305 tablet significantly reduced anxiety and sleep disturbance relative to placebo, as quantitated by the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Single-channel sleep electroencephalograms show that CP2305 significantly shortened sleep latency and wake time after sleep onset and increased the delta power ratio in the first sleep cycle. CP2305 also significantly lowered salivary chromogranin A levels compared with placebo. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing of participant feces demonstrated that CP2305 administration attenuated the stress-induced decline of spp. and the stress-induced elevation of spp. We conclude that the long-term use of CP2305-containing tablets may improve the mental state, sleep quality, and gut microbiota of healthy adults under stressful conditions.
Topics: Adult; Bifidobacterium; Chromogranin A; Chronic Disease; Double-Blind Method; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Lactobacillus gasseri; Male; Probiotics; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Saliva; Sleep Wake Disorders; Streptococcus; Stress, Psychological; Students, Medical; Tablets; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult
PubMed: 31405122
DOI: 10.3390/nu11081859 -
Autophagy Feb 2023Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), mainly caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), is a severe central nervous system disease commonly followed by cognitive...
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), mainly caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), is a severe central nervous system disease commonly followed by cognitive impairment, behavioral changes, and focal neurological signs. Although increasing evidence implicates the central role of microglia in HSE progression, the intrinsic restrictors or the acquired environmental factors that balance the beneficial or detrimental immune responses in microglia remain unclear. In a recent study, we find that a gut microbial metabolite activates mitophagy to regulate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and to mitigate HSE progression. HSV-1 neurotropic infection causes gut microbiota dysbiosis and microglial antiviral immune response, whereas depletion of gut microbiota by oral antibiotics treatment further results in hyperactivated microglia and exacerbated HSE pathology. Notably, exogenous administration of nicotinamide n-oxide (NAMO), an oxidative product of nicotinamide mainly produced by intestinal neomycin-sensitive bacteria, especially Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus reuteri, can significantly suppress HSE progression. Mechanistically, HSV-1 infection causes mitochondrial dysfunction and impairs mitophagy to activate microglia and promote proinflammatory cytokine production, whereas NAMO restores NAD+-dependent mitophagy to restrain microglial over-activation and to prevent HSV-1 early infection in neuronal cells. This work reveals a novel function of gut microbial metabolites as intrinsic regulators of microglia homeostasis and neuroinflammation via mitophagy. AD: Alzheimer disease; ABX: antibiotics; HSE: herpes simplex encephalitis; HSV-1: herpes simplex virus type 1; NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NAMO: nicotinamide n-oxide; SCFAs: short-chain fatty acids.
Topics: Humans; Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex; Microglia; Neuroinflammatory Diseases; Brain-Gut Axis; Mitophagy; Autophagy; Herpesvirus 1, Human
PubMed: 35849507
DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2102309 -
Gut Microbes Nov 2020Previously, a synbiotic combination of probiotic 505 (LG) and a new prebiotic, leaf extract (CT) in fermented milk, designated FCT, showed an immunomodulatory effect...
Previously, a synbiotic combination of probiotic 505 (LG) and a new prebiotic, leaf extract (CT) in fermented milk, designated FCT, showed an immunomodulatory effect and antioxidant activity. Although synbiotic combination might have cancer-protective effects, these activities have not been fully validated . Ten-week treatment of LG, CT, or FCT to azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) mouse model reduced both the incidence of colonic tumors and damage to the colonic mucosa effectively, suggesting a cancer-protective effect. To understand these, biomarkers associated with inflammation, colon barrier, apoptosis, and cancer cell proliferation were monitored in AOM/DSS group versus LG/CT/FCT groups. A synbiotic combination (FCT) down-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-6) and inflammation-associated enzymes (iNOS and COX-2), and up-regulated anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10). In addition, colon barrier experiment revealed that biomarkers of mucus layer (MUC-2 and TFF3) and tight junction (occludin and ZO-1) were up-regulated. Subsequent apoptosis experiment showed that pro-apoptotic factors (p53, p21, and Bax) were up-regulated and anti-apoptotic factors (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL) were down-regulated. Furthermore, comparative metagenome analysis of gut microbiota revealed that decreased but , and increased, supporting their protective effects, accompanied by increased short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Taken together, the FCT administration showed cancer-protective effects by reducing the risk of colitis-associated colon cancer via regulation of inflammation, carcinogenesis, and compositional change of gut microbiota. Consequently, the synbiotic combination (FCT) could be a novel potential health-protective natural agent against CAC.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Cell Proliferation; Colitis-Associated Neoplasms; Colon; Cultured Milk Products; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Feces; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Immunomodulation; Inflammation; Lactobacillus gasseri; Maclura; Mice; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Synbiotics
PubMed: 32663105
DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1785803 -
Microorganisms Apr 2022In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the use of cell-free supernatant of probiotics culture for nutritional and functional applications. In this...
In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the use of cell-free supernatant of probiotics culture for nutritional and functional applications. In this study, we investigated the effect of the cell-free supernatant from BNR17 (CFS) on anti-melanogenesis and reducing oxidative stress in B16-F10 murine melanoma cells and HaCaT human keratinocytes. Treatment with CFS significantly inhibited the production of extracellular and intracellular melanin without cytotoxicity during melanogenesis induced by the α-MSH in B16-F10 cells. The CFS dramatically reduced tyrosinase activity and the melanogenesis-related gene expression. Further, it showed antioxidative effects in a dose-dependent manner in DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) assays and significantly increased the mRNA levels of and in HaCaT cells. Furthermore, the CFS increased HO-1 and anti-oxidative-related gene expression during HO-induced oxidative stress in HaCaT cells. Together, this study suggests that the CFS reduces hyperpigmentation and inhibits oxidative stress, and thus can be used as a potential skincare product in the future.
PubMed: 35456838
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040788 -
Microbial Cell Factories Mar 2021Lactobacillus spp. have been researched worldwide and are used in probiotics, but due to difficulties with laboratory cultivation of and experimentation on oral...
BACKGROUND
Lactobacillus spp. have been researched worldwide and are used in probiotics, but due to difficulties with laboratory cultivation of and experimentation on oral microorganisms, there are few reports of Lactobacillus spp. being isolated from the oral cavity and tested against oral pathogens. This research sought to isolate and determine the safety and inhibitory capabilities of a Lactobacillus culture taken from the human body.
RESULTS
One organism was isolated, named "L. gasseri HHuMIN D", and evaluated for safety. A 5% dilution of L. gasseri HHuMIN D culture supernatant exhibited 88.8% inhibition against halitosis-producing anaerobic microorganisms and the organism itself exhibited powerful inhibitory effects on the growth of 11 oral bacteria. Hydrogen peroxide production reached 802 μmol/L after 12 h and gradually diminished until 24 h, it efficiently aggregated with P. catoniae and S. sanguinis, and it completely suppressed S. mutans-manufactured artificial dental plaque. L. gasseri HHuMIN D's KB cell adhesion capacity was 4.41 cells per cell, and the cell adhesion of F. nucleatum and S. mutans diminished strongly in protection and displacement assays.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that L. gasseri HHuMIN D is a safe, bioactive, lactobacterial food ingredient, starter culture, and/or probiotic microorganism for human oral health.
Topics: Antibiosis; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Lactobacillus; Lactobacillus gasseri; Mouth; Probiotics
PubMed: 33757506
DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01563-w -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common infection of the lower genital tract with a vaginal microbiome dysbiosis caused by decreasing of lactobacilli. Previous studies... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
UNLABELLED
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common infection of the lower genital tract with a vaginal microbiome dysbiosis caused by decreasing of lactobacilli. Previous studies suggested that supplementation with live may benefit the recovery of BV, however, the outcomes vary in people from different regions. Herein, we aim to evaluate the effectiveness of oral Chinese-origin with adjuvant metronidazole (MET) on treating Chinese BV patients. In total, 67 Chinese women with BV were enrolled in this parallel controlled trial and randomly assigned to two study groups: a control group treated with MET vaginal suppositories for 7 days and a probiotic group treated with oral TM13 and LG55 as an adjuvant to MET for 30 days. By comparing the participants with Nugent Scores ≥ 7 and < 7 on days 14, 30, and 90, we found that oral administration of probiotics did not improve BV cure rates (72.73% and 84.00% at day 14, 57.14% and 60.00% at day 30, 32.14% and 48.39% at day 90 for probiotic and control group respectively). However, the probiotics were effective in restoring vaginal health after cure by showing higher proportion of participants with Nugent Scores < 4 in the probiotic group compared to the control group (87.50% and 71.43% on day 14, 93.75% and 88.89% on day 30, and 77.78% and 66.67% on day 90). The relative abundance of the probiotic strains was significantly increased in the intestinal microbiome of the probiotic group compared to the control group at day 14, but no significance was detected after 30 and 90 days. Also, the probiotics were not detected in vaginal microbiome, suggesting that TM13 and LG55 mainly acted through the intestine. A higher abundance of at baseline was significantly associated with long-term cure failure of BV and greatly contributed to the enrichment of the lipid IVA synthesis pathway, which could aggravate inflammation response. To sum up, TM13 and LG55 can restore the vaginal health of patients recovering from BV, and individualized intervention mode should be developed to restore the vaginal health of patients recovering from BV.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/, identifier NCT04771728.
Topics: Female; Humans; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; Lactobacillus; Lactobacillus crispatus; Lactobacillus gasseri; Metronidazole; Treatment Outcome; Vagina; Vaginosis, Bacterial
PubMed: 37575226
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125239 -
Microorganisms Jul 2021and are human commensal lactobacilli that are candidates for probiotic application. Knowledge of their oligosaccharide metabolic properties is valuable for synbiotic...
and are human commensal lactobacilli that are candidates for probiotic application. Knowledge of their oligosaccharide metabolic properties is valuable for synbiotic application. The present study characterized oligosaccharide metabolic systems and their impact on lipoteichoic acid (LTA) production in the two organisms, i.e., JCM 1131 and JCM 11657. The two strains grew well in medium with glucose but poorly in medium with raffinose, and growth rates in medium with kestose differed between the strains. Oligosaccharide metabolism markedly influenced their LTA production, and apparent molecular size of LTA in electrophoresis recovered from cells cultured with glucose and kestose differed from that from cells cultured with raffinose in the strains. On the other hand, more than 15-fold more LTA was observed in the cells cultured with raffinose when compared with glucose or kestose after incubation for 15 h. Transcriptome analysis identified glycoside hydrolase family 32 enzyme as a potential kestose hydrolysis enzyme in the two strains. Transcriptomic levels of multiple genes in the operon, involved in D-alanine substitution of LTA, were lower in cells cultured with raffinose than in those cultured with kestose or glucose. This suggested that the different sizes of LTA observed among the carbohydrates tested were partly due to different levels of alanylation of LTA. The present study indicates that available oligosaccharide has the impact on the LTA production of the industrially important lactobacilli, which might influence their probiotic properties.
PubMed: 34442669
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081590 -
PeerJ 2022Antimicrobial and antifungal species are essential members of the healthy human microbiota. Several different species of lactobacilli that naturally inhabit the human...
BACKGROUND
Antimicrobial and antifungal species are essential members of the healthy human microbiota. Several different species of lactobacilli that naturally inhabit the human body have been explored for their probiotic capabilities including strains of the species . However, (identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing) has been associated with urogenital symptoms. Recently a new sister taxon of was described: . is also posited to have probiotic qualities.
METHODS
Here, we present a genomic investigation of all ( = 79) publicly available genome assemblies for both species. These strains include isolates from the vaginal tract, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, oral cavity, wounds, and lungs.
RESULTS
The two species cannot be distinguished from short-read sequencing of the 16S rRNA as the full-length gene sequences differ only by two nucleotides. Based upon average nucleotide identity (ANI), we identified 20 strains deposited as that are in fact representatives of . Investigation of the genic content of the strains of these two species suggests recent divergence and/or frequent gene exchange between the two species. The genomes frequently harbored intact prophage sequences, including prophages identified in strains of both species. To further explore the antimicrobial potential associated with both species, genome assemblies were examined for biosynthetic gene clusters. Gassericin T and S were identified in 46 of the genome assemblies, with all strains including one or both bacteriocins. This suggests that the properties once ascribed to may better represent the species.
Topics: Female; Humans; Lactobacillus gasseri; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Genomics; Mouth; Prophages
PubMed: 35694384
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13479