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Advances in Respiratory Medicine 2019In about 3% of children, viral infections of the airways that develop in early childhood lead to narrowing of the laryngeal lumen in the subglottic region resulting in...
In about 3% of children, viral infections of the airways that develop in early childhood lead to narrowing of the laryngeal lumen in the subglottic region resulting in symptoms such as hoarseness, abarking cough, stridor, and dyspnea. These infections may eventually cause respiratory failure. The disease is often called acute subglottic laryngitis (ASL). Terms such as pseudocroup, croup syndrome, acute obstructive laryngitis and spasmodic croup are used interchangeably when referencing this disease. Although the differential diagnosis should include other rare diseases such as epiglottitis, diphtheria, fibrinous laryngitis and bacterial tracheobronchitis, the diagnosis of ASL should always be made on the basis of clinical criteria.
Topics: Acute Disease; Airway Obstruction; Bacterial Infections; Child; Croup; Dyspnea; Humans; Laryngitis; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 31680234
DOI: 10.5603/ARM.2019.0056 -
Primary Care Sep 2013Upper respiratory infections (URIs) are infections of the mouth, nose, throat, larynx (voice box), and trachea (windpipe). This article outlines the epidemiology,... (Review)
Review
Upper respiratory infections (URIs) are infections of the mouth, nose, throat, larynx (voice box), and trachea (windpipe). This article outlines the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and management of URIs, including nasopharyngitis (common cold), sinusitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and laryngotracheitis.
Topics: Analgesics; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Histamine Antagonists; Humans; Laryngitis; Nasal Decongestants; Pharyngitis; Primary Health Care; Respiratory Tract Infections; Risk Factors; Sinusitis; United States
PubMed: 23958368
DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2013.06.004 -
Deutsches Arzteblatt International May 2015Hoarseness (dysphonia) is the reason for about 1% of all consultations in primary care. It has many causes, ranging from self-limited laryngitis to malignant tumors of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Hoarseness (dysphonia) is the reason for about 1% of all consultations in primary care. It has many causes, ranging from self-limited laryngitis to malignant tumors of the vocal cords.
METHODS
This review is based on literature retrieved by a selective search in PubMed employing the terms "hoarseness," "hoarse voice," and "dysphonia," on the relevant guideline of the American Academy of Otolaryngology -Head and Neck Surgery, and on Cochrane reviews.
RESULTS
Hoarseness can be caused by acute (42.1%) and chronic laryngitis (9.7%), functional vocal disturbances (30%), and benign (10.7-31%) and malignant tumors (2.2-3%), as well as by neurogenic disturbances such as vocal cord paresis (2.8-8%), physiologic aging of the voice (2%), and psychogenic factors (2-2.2 %). Hoarseness is very rarely a manifestation of internal medical illness. The treatment of hoarseness has been studied in only a few randomized controlled trials, all of which were on a small scale. Voice therapy is often successful in the treatment of functional and organic vocal disturbances (level 1a evidence). Surgery on the vocal cords is indicated to treat tumors and inadequate vocal cord closure. The only entity causing hoarseness that can be treated pharmacologically is chronic laryngitis associated with gastro-esophageal reflux, which responds to treatment of the reflux disorder. The empirical treatment of hoarseness with antibiotics or corticosteroids is not recommended.
CONCLUSION
Voice therapy, vocal cord surgery, and drug therapy for appropriate groups of patients with hoarseness are well documented as effective by the available evidence. In patients with risk factors, especially smokers, hoarseness should be immediately evaluated by laryngos - copy.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Evidence-Based Medicine; Hoarseness; Humans; Laryngeal Neoplasms; Laryngitis; Laryngoscopy; Treatment Outcome; Vocal Cord Paralysis
PubMed: 26043420
DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2015.0329 -
Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 2019
Review
Topics: Autoantibodies; Chronic Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Dysphonia; Humans; Laryngitis; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal
PubMed: 30898484
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2019.02.001 -
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Aug 2023The terms hoarseness and dysphonia are used interchangeably, and both describe a type of altered vocal quality affecting one-third of patients. While hoarseness may be... (Review)
Review
The terms hoarseness and dysphonia are used interchangeably, and both describe a type of altered vocal quality affecting one-third of patients. While hoarseness may be secondary to benign conditions such as reflux or viral laryngitis, it may suggest benign or malignant vocal-fold pathology. It is important for caregivers to know how to evaluate, treat, and when to refer patients for direct visualization via laryngoscopy. In this article, we review basic laryngeal anatomy and function, symptoms of vocal-fold pathology, and current guidelines from the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery on the diagnosis and treatment of dysphonia, including patient referral.
Topics: Humans; United States; Hoarseness; Dysphonia; Laryngitis; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Laryngoscopy
PubMed: 37527869
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.90a.23010 -
Journal of Voice : Official Journal of... Jan 2020The larynx is a complex organ which has a role in a variety of functions such as phonation, breathing, and swallowing. To research these functions, it is widely accepted... (Review)
Review
The larynx is a complex organ which has a role in a variety of functions such as phonation, breathing, and swallowing. To research these functions, it is widely accepted that in vivo studies provide more anatomically and physiologically relevant findings. However, invasive procedures are generally needed to measure variables such a subglottal pressure, vocal fold tension and stiffness, and cricothyroid muscle stretch. Performing studies using excised larynges is a useful technique which makes it possible to not only measure phonation parameters but control them as well. Early studies using excised larynges mainly focused on controlling specific parameters and mathematical modeling simulations. The use of these studies has helped further research in laryngeal anatomy, imaging techniques, as well as aerodynamic, acoustic, and biomechanical properties. Here, we describe the progress of this research over the past 5 years. The number of accepted animal models has increased and ideas from excised larynx studies are starting to be applied to treatment methods for laryngeal disorders. These experiments are only valid for an excised situation and must continue to be combined with animal experimentation and clinical observations.
Topics: Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Computer Simulation; Humans; Laryngectomy; Larynx; Models, Animal; Models, Theoretical; Phonation
PubMed: 30262190
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.07.023 -
HNO Jan 2022Prolonged ulcerative laryngitis is a rare, benign inflammatory alteration of the larynx that persists for months. The laryngoscopic findings suggest a malignant... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Prolonged ulcerative laryngitis is a rare, benign inflammatory alteration of the larynx that persists for months. The laryngoscopic findings suggest a malignant process and can therefore be a challenge for the treating ear, nose and throat (ENT) physician.
OBJECTIVES
Presentation of the current database to provide an overview of the etiology, progress and treatment for everyday clinical practice.
METHODS
Three case studies from the Department of Phoniatrics and Speech Pathology of the ENT Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland, are presented. Analysis and discussion of the current literature base and of case reports in the English literature.
RESULTS
The etiology and predisposing factors for this disease are unclear. Previous respiratory infection with cough and dysphonia seems to be the most common cause. Biopsies should be avoided.
CONCLUSIONS
The typical laryngoscopic findings show corresponding circumscribed lancet-shaped ulcerations in the middle third of the vocal fold. The course of the disease appears to be self-limiting and without permanent structural consequences. Therefore, good patient education and close laryngoscopic follow-up should be performed.
Topics: Dysphonia; Hoarseness; Humans; Laryngitis; Laryngoscopy; Vocal Cords
PubMed: 34170335
DOI: 10.1007/s00106-021-01079-0 -
Archives of Disease in Childhood Mar 2018Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a complex problem in children. Suspected respiratory manifestations of GORD, such as asthma, chronic cough and laryngitis,... (Review)
Review
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a complex problem in children. Suspected respiratory manifestations of GORD, such as asthma, chronic cough and laryngitis, are commonly encountered in the paediatric practice, but continue to be entities with more questions than answers. The accuracy of diagnostic tests (ie, pH or pH-impedance monitoring, laryngoscopy, endoscopy) for patients with suspected extraoesophageal manifestations of GORD is suboptimal and therefore whether there is a causal relationship between these conditions remains largely undetermined. An empiric trial of proton pump inhibitors can help individual children with undiagnosed respiratory symptoms and suspicion of GORD, but the response to therapy is unpredictable, and in any case what may be being observed is spontaneous improvement. Furthermore, the safety of these agents has been called into question. Poor response to antireflux therapy is an important trigger to search for non-gastro-oesophageal reflux causes for patients' symptoms. Evidence for the assessment of children with suspected extraoesophageal manifestations of GORD is scanty and longitudinal studies with long-term follow-up are urgently required.
Topics: Anti-Ulcer Agents; Asthma; Child; Comorbidity; Cough; Esophagoscopy; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Guidelines as Topic; Humans; Laryngitis; Monitoring, Physiologic; Predictive Value of Tests; Proton Pump Inhibitors
PubMed: 28882881
DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-312890 -
American Family Physician Aug 2009Numerous conditions can cause hoarseness, ranging from simple inflammatory processes to more serious systemic, neurologic, or cancerous conditions involving the larynx.... (Review)
Review
Numerous conditions can cause hoarseness, ranging from simple inflammatory processes to more serious systemic, neurologic, or cancerous conditions involving the larynx. Evaluation of a patient with hoarseness includes a careful history, physical examination, and in many cases, laryngoscopy. Any patient with hoarseness lasting longer than two weeks in the absence of an apparent benign cause requires a thorough evaluation of the larynx by direct or indirect laryngoscopy. The management of hoarseness includes identification and treatment of any underlying conditions, vocal hygiene, voice therapy, and specific treatment of vocal cord lesions. Vocal hygiene education is an integral aspect of the treatment of hoarseness in most cases. Referral to a speech-language pathologist for voice therapy may be particularly helpful for patients whose occupation depends on singing or talking loudly or for prolonged periods. Voice therapy is an effective method for improving voice quality and vocal performance in patients with nonorganic dysphonia and for treating many benign pathologic vocal cord lesions. Referral for surgical or other targeted interventions is indicated when conservative management of vocal cord pathology is unsuccessful, when dysplasia or carcinoma is suspected, or when significant airway obstruction is present.
Topics: Adult; Hoarseness; Humans; Laryngitis; Laryngoscopy; Physical Examination; Vocal Cord Paralysis; Voice Quality
PubMed: 19678604
DOI: No ID Found -
Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 2018Dysphagia is described as a complaint in 32% of patients with laryngitis.
BACKGROUND
Dysphagia is described as a complaint in 32% of patients with laryngitis.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this investigation was to evaluate oral and pharyngeal transit of patients with laryngitis, with the hypothesis that alteration in oral-pharyngeal bolus transit may be involved with dysphagia.
METHODS
Videofluoroscopic evaluation of the swallowing of liquid, paste and solid boluses was performed in 21 patients with laryngitis, 10 of them with dysphagia, and 21 normal volunteers of the same age and sex. Two swallows of 5 mL liquid bolus, two swallows of 5 mL paste bolus and two swallows of a solid bolus were evaluated in a random sequence. The liquid bolus was 100% liquid barium sulfate and the paste bolus was prepared with 50 mL of liquid barium and 4 g of food thickener (starch and maltodextrin). The solid bolus was a soft 2.2 g cookie coated with liquid barium. Durations of oral preparation, oral transit, pharyngeal transit, pharyngeal clearance, upper esophageal sphincter opening, hyoid movement and oral-pharyngeal transit were measured. All patients performed 24-hour distal esophageal pH evaluation previous to videofluoroscopy.
RESULTS
The evaluation of 24-hour distal esophageal pH showed abnormal gastroesophageal acid reflux in 10 patients. Patients showed longer oral preparation for paste bolus and a faster oral transit time for solid bolus than normal volunteers. Patients with laryngitis and dysphagia had longer preparation for paste and solid boluses, and a faster oral transit time with liquid, paste and solid boluses.
CONCLUSION
A longer oral preparation for paste and solid boluses and a faster transit through the mouth are associated with dysphagia in patients with laryngitis.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Barium; Case-Control Studies; Deglutition; Deglutition Disorders; Female; Fluoroscopy; Food Additives; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Humans; Laryngitis; Laryngoscopy; Male; Middle Aged
PubMed: 29561977
DOI: 10.1590/S0004-2803.201800000-10