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Ugeskrift For Laeger May 2023Laryngeal dystonia (LD) is a rare neurological disorder emerging in middle-aged persons as a chronic and disabling voice disorder. It is a focal dystonia affecting... (Review)
Review
Laryngeal dystonia (LD) is a rare neurological disorder emerging in middle-aged persons as a chronic and disabling voice disorder. It is a focal dystonia affecting intrinsic laryngeal muscle control only during speech, resulting in voice breaks, effortful phonation, and strangled voice. Due to lack of awareness and lack of well-defined diagnostic criteria, it can be difficult for patients to be diagnosed and treated. This review, the first Danish publication on the subject of LD, presents the latest terminology, a brief history, treatment options and the psychosocial consequences of LD.
Topics: Middle Aged; Humans; Dystonia; Dysphonia; Laryngeal Muscles; Electromyography
PubMed: 37264860
DOI: No ID Found -
Acta Otorrinolaringologica Espanola 2012The neuroanatomy of voice and speech is complex. An intricate neural network is responsible for ensuring the main functions of the larynx: airway protection, cough and... (Review)
Review
The neuroanatomy of voice and speech is complex. An intricate neural network is responsible for ensuring the main functions of the larynx: airway protection, cough and Valsalva production, and providing voice. Coordination of these roles is very susceptible to disruption by neurological disorders. Neurological disorders that affect laryngeal function include Parkinson's disease, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, dystonia and essential tremor. A thorough neurological evaluation should be routine for any patient presenting with voice complaints suggestive of neurogenic cause. Endoscopic visualisation of the larynx using a dynamic voice assessment with a flexible laryngoscope is a crucial part of the evaluation and ancillary tests are sometimes performed. Otolaryngologic evaluation is important in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders that affect laryngeal function.
Topics: Algorithms; Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological; Electric Stimulation Therapy; Electromyography; Genetic Therapy; Humans; Laryngeal Diseases; Laryngeal Muscles; Laryngeal Nerves; Laryngoscopy; Motor Neurons; Nerve Net; Nerve Transfer; Nervous System Diseases; Neurologic Examination; Neurophysiology; Physical Examination; Sound Spectrography; Voice Disorders
PubMed: 21349470
DOI: 10.1016/j.otorri.2010.12.003 -
Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 2023The larynx is an organ of the upper airway that participates in breathing, glutition, voice production, and airway protection. These complex functions depend on vocal... (Review)
Review
The larynx is an organ of the upper airway that participates in breathing, glutition, voice production, and airway protection. These complex functions depend on vocal fold (VF) movement, facilitated in turn by the action of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles (ILM). The necessary precise and near-instantaneous modulation of each ILM contraction relies on proprioceptive innervation of the larynx. Dysfunctional laryngeal proprioception likely contributes to disorders such as laryngeal dystonia, dysphagia, vocal fold paresis, and paralysis. While the proprioceptive system in skeletal muscle derived from somites is well described, the proprioceptive circuitry that governs head and neck structures such as VF has not been so well characterized. For over two centuries, researchers have investigated the question of whether canonical proprioceptive organs, muscle spindles, and Golgi tendon organs, exist in the ILM, with variable findings. The present work is a state-of-the-art review of the peripheral component of laryngeal proprioception, including current knowledge of canonical and possible alternative proprioceptive circuitry elements in the larynx.
PubMed: 36910514
DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1114817 -
Journal of Voice : Official Journal of... May 2021The application of exercise science training knowledge has been of growing interest to voice professionals. This tutorial, derived from the authors' invited... (Review)
Review
The application of exercise science training knowledge has been of growing interest to voice professionals. This tutorial, derived from the authors' invited presentations from the "Exercise and the Voice" Special Session at the 2018 Voice Foundation Symposium, proposes a foundational theoretical structure based in exercise science, clarifies the wide range of variables that may influence voice training, and summarizes our present understanding of voice physiology from the perspective of muscle training. The body of literature on voice exercise was then analyzed from the perspective of this framework, identifying what we currently know and what we still have yet to learn.
Topics: Exercise; Humans; Voice; Voice Disorders; Voice Training
PubMed: 31628045
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2019.09.007 -
Genes Jun 2018Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury has considerable clinical implications, including voice and swallowing dysfunction, which may considerably impair the... (Review)
Review
Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury has considerable clinical implications, including voice and swallowing dysfunction, which may considerably impair the patient’s quality of life. Recovery of vocal fold movement is an essential novel treatment option for RLN injury. The potential of gene therapy for addressing this issue is highly promising. The target sites for RLN gene therapy are the central nervous system, nerve fibers, laryngeal muscles, and vocal cord mucosa. Gene transduction has been reported in each site using viral or non-viral methods. The major issues ensuing after RLN injury are loss of motoneurons in the nucleus ambiguus, degeneration and poor regeneration of nerve fibers and motor end plates, and laryngeal muscle atrophy. Gene therapy using neurotrophic factors has been assessed for most of these issues, and its efficacy has been reported. Another important matter for functional vocal fold movement recovery is misdirected regeneration, in which the wrong neurons may innervate other laryngeal muscles, where even if innervation is reestablished, proper motor function is not restored. Novel strategies involving gene therapy bear promise for overcoming this issue and further investigations are underway.
PubMed: 29941853
DOI: 10.3390/genes9070316 -
Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal Sep 2021
Topics: Aged; Cysts; Epiglottis; Epiglottitis; Humans; Laryngeal Diseases; Laryngeal Muscles; Larynx; Male; Medical Illustration
PubMed: 32133889
DOI: 10.1177/0145561320910676 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Dec 2021Humans are vocal modulators par excellence. This ability is supported in part by the dual representation of the laryngeal muscles in the motor cortex. Movement, however,... (Review)
Review
Humans are vocal modulators par excellence. This ability is supported in part by the dual representation of the laryngeal muscles in the motor cortex. Movement, however, is not the product of motor cortex alone but of a broader motor network. This network consists of brain regions that contain somatotopic maps that parallel the organization in motor cortex. We therefore present a novel hypothesis that the dual laryngeal representation is repeated throughout the broader motor network. In support of the hypothesis, we review existing literature that demonstrates the existence of network-wide somatotopy and present initial evidence for the hypothesis' plausibility. Understanding how this uniquely human phenotype in motor cortex interacts with broader brain networks is an important step toward understanding how humans evolved the ability to speak. We further suggest that this system may provide a means to study how individual components of the nervous system evolved within the context of neuronal networks. This article is part of the theme issue 'Voice modulation: from origin and mechanism to social impact (Part I)'.
Topics: Brain; Brain Mapping; Larynx; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Motor Cortex; Movement
PubMed: 34719252
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0392 -
The Laryngoscope Jan 2022The goals of this study were to 1) compare global protein expression in muscles of the larynx and hindlimb and 2) investigate differences in protein expression between...
OBJECTIVES
The goals of this study were to 1) compare global protein expression in muscles of the larynx and hindlimb and 2) investigate differences in protein expression between aged and nonaged muscle using label-free global proteomic profiling methods.
METHODS
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis was performed on thyroarytenoid intrinsic laryngeal muscle and plantaris hindlimb muscle from 10 F344xBN F1 male rats (5 old and 5 young). Protein expression was compared and pathway enrichment analysis performed for each muscle type (larynx and limb) and age group (old and young muscle).
RESULTS
Over 1,000 proteins were identified in common across both muscle types and age groups using LC-MS/MS analysis. Significant age-related differences were seen across 107 proteins in plantaris hindlimb and in 19 proteins in thyroarytenoid laryngeal muscle. Bioinformatic and enrichment analysis demonstrated protein differences between the hindlimb and larynx may relate to immune and stress redox responses and RNA repair.
CONCLUSION
There are clear differences in protein expressions between the laryngeal and hindlimb skeletal muscles. Initial analysis suggests differences between the two muscle groups may relate to stress responses and repair mechanisms. Age-related changes in the thyroarytenoid appear to be less obvious than in the plantaris. Further in-depth study is needed to elucidate how aging affects protein expression in the laryngeal muscles.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
NA Laryngoscope, 132:148-155, 2022.
Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Hindlimb; Laryngeal Muscles; Male; Muscle Proteins; Muscle, Skeletal; Proteomics; Rats; Rats, Inbred BN; Rats, Inbred F344
PubMed: 34115877
DOI: 10.1002/lary.29683 -
The Journal of Neuroscience : the... Jan 2020In many species, vocal communication is essential for coordinating social behaviors including courtship, mating, parenting, rivalry, and alarm signaling. Effective... (Review)
Review
In many species, vocal communication is essential for coordinating social behaviors including courtship, mating, parenting, rivalry, and alarm signaling. Effective communication requires accurate production, detection, and classification of signals, as well as selection of socially appropriate responses. Understanding how signals are generated and how acoustic signals are perceived is key to understanding the neurobiology of social behaviors. Here we review our long-standing research program focused on , a frog genus which has provided valuable insights into the mechanisms and evolution of vertebrate social behaviors. In , vocal signals differ between the sexes, through development, and across the genus, reflecting evolutionary divergence in sensory and motor circuits that can be interrogated mechanistically. Using two preparations, the isolated brain and vocal organ, we have identified essential components of the vocal production system: the sexually differentiated larynx at the periphery, and the hindbrain vocal central pattern generator (CPG) centrally, that produce sex- and species-characteristic sound pulse frequencies and temporal patterns, respectively. Within the hindbrain, we have described how intrinsic membrane properties of neurons in the vocal CPG generate species-specific vocal patterns, how vocal nuclei are connected to generate vocal patterns, as well as the roles of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in activating the circuit. For sensorimotor integration, we identified a key forebrain node that links auditory and vocal production circuits to match socially appropriate vocal responses to acoustic features of male and female calls. The availability of a well supported phylogeny as well as reference genomes from several species now support analysis of the genetic architecture and the evolutionary divergence of neural circuits for vocal communication. thus provides a vertebrate model in which to study vocal communication at many levels, from physiology, to behavior, and from development to evolution. As one of the most comprehensively studied phylogenetic groups within vertebrate vocal communication systems, provides insights that can inform social communication across phyla.
Topics: Acoustic Stimulation; Animal Communication; Animals; Arytenoid Cartilage; Biological Evolution; Central Pattern Generators; Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; In Vitro Techniques; Laryngeal Muscles; Laryngeal Nerves; Male; Medulla Oblongata; Nerve Net; Neurotransmitter Agents; Rhombencephalon; Sex Characteristics; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Behavior; Species Specificity; Vocalization, Animal; Xenopus laevis
PubMed: 31896561
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0736-19.2019