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Frontiers in Cell and Developmental... 2022The trachea is a long tube that enables air passage between the larynx and the bronchi. C-shaped cartilage rings on the ventral side stabilise the structure. On its... (Review)
Review
The trachea is a long tube that enables air passage between the larynx and the bronchi. C-shaped cartilage rings on the ventral side stabilise the structure. On its esophagus-facing dorsal side, deformable smooth muscle facilitates the passage of food in the esophagus. While the symmetry break along the dorsal-ventral axis is well understood, the molecular mechanism that results in the periodic expression pattern that translates into the cartilage rings has remained elusive. Here, we review the molecular regulatory interactions that have been elucidated, and discuss possible patterning mechanisms. Understanding the principles of self-organisation is important, both to define biomedical interventions and to enable tissue engineering.
PubMed: 35573681
DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.900447 -
Toxins Nov 2017Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) has existed for thousands of years; however, it was not medically utilized until investigations into its therapeutic use began in sincerity... (Review)
Review
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) has existed for thousands of years; however, it was not medically utilized until investigations into its therapeutic use began in sincerity during the late 1970s and 1980s. This, coupled with the reclassification of spasmodic dysphonia as a focal dystonia, led to the use of chemodenervation for this disorder, which has since become a refined technique. Indeed, due to its safety and efficacy, BoNT has been investigated in multiple neurolaryngology disorders, including spasmodic dysphonia, vocal tremor, and muscle tension dysphonia. BoNT has been shown to be a useful and safe adjunct in the treatment for these disorders and may reduce or eliminate oral pharmacotherapy and/or prevent the need for a surgical intervention. We present the historical background, development, proposed mechanisms of action, uses, and techniques for administering BoNT for laryngeal disorders, with a particular focus on spasmodic dysphonia.
Topics: Botulinum Toxins; Humans; Laryngeal Diseases; Larynx; Nerve Block
PubMed: 29099066
DOI: 10.3390/toxins9110356 -
Acta Bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis Apr 2017This article attempts to describe the aging process of the vocal folds and the main features of the aged voice. (Review)
Review
AIM
This article attempts to describe the aging process of the vocal folds and the main features of the aged voice.
BACKGROUND
In the world ageing population era, aging diseases and aging disorders are crucial. Voice disorders (presbyphonia) are common in the elderly and have a significant impact on communication and quality of life. Some of these disorders depend on the vocal folds, which consist of an extracellular matrix (ECM), fibrous proteins, interstitial proteins, and glycosaminoglycans. The density and spatial arrangement of these elements are important, as changes in their deposition can alter the biomechanical properties and vibratory function of the vocal folds.
DISCUSSION
The aging voice process is analyzed in detail from mechanical factors like pulmonary bellows alteration, to hormonal factors and life style.
CONCLUSIONS
The elderly people undergoe mechanical, anatomical and functional changes: alterations of the pulmonary bellows, systemic changes like hormonal disregulation, and laryngeal changes, that resulting in hoarseness, which is difficult to treat.
Topics: Aging; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Humans; Life Style; Phonation; Respiratory Muscles; Vocal Cords; Voice Quality
PubMed: 28467327
DOI: 10.23750/abm.v88i1.5266 -
Journal of Voice : Official Journal of... Jan 2020The larynx is a complex organ which has a role in a variety of functions such as phonation, breathing, and swallowing. To research these functions, it is widely accepted... (Review)
Review
The larynx is a complex organ which has a role in a variety of functions such as phonation, breathing, and swallowing. To research these functions, it is widely accepted that in vivo studies provide more anatomically and physiologically relevant findings. However, invasive procedures are generally needed to measure variables such a subglottal pressure, vocal fold tension and stiffness, and cricothyroid muscle stretch. Performing studies using excised larynges is a useful technique which makes it possible to not only measure phonation parameters but control them as well. Early studies using excised larynges mainly focused on controlling specific parameters and mathematical modeling simulations. The use of these studies has helped further research in laryngeal anatomy, imaging techniques, as well as aerodynamic, acoustic, and biomechanical properties. Here, we describe the progress of this research over the past 5 years. The number of accepted animal models has increased and ideas from excised larynx studies are starting to be applied to treatment methods for laryngeal disorders. These experiments are only valid for an excised situation and must continue to be combined with animal experimentation and clinical observations.
Topics: Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Computer Simulation; Humans; Laryngectomy; Larynx; Models, Animal; Models, Theoretical; Phonation
PubMed: 30262190
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.07.023 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger May 2023Laryngeal dystonia (LD) is a rare neurological disorder emerging in middle-aged persons as a chronic and disabling voice disorder. It is a focal dystonia affecting... (Review)
Review
Laryngeal dystonia (LD) is a rare neurological disorder emerging in middle-aged persons as a chronic and disabling voice disorder. It is a focal dystonia affecting intrinsic laryngeal muscle control only during speech, resulting in voice breaks, effortful phonation, and strangled voice. Due to lack of awareness and lack of well-defined diagnostic criteria, it can be difficult for patients to be diagnosed and treated. This review, the first Danish publication on the subject of LD, presents the latest terminology, a brief history, treatment options and the psychosocial consequences of LD.
Topics: Middle Aged; Humans; Dystonia; Dysphonia; Laryngeal Muscles; Electromyography
PubMed: 37264860
DOI: No ID Found