-
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2023Laryngeal cancer is a very common tumor in the upper aero-digestive tract. Understanding its biological mechanisms has garnered significant interest in recent years. The... (Review)
Review
Laryngeal cancer is a very common tumor in the upper aero-digestive tract. Understanding its biological mechanisms has garnered significant interest in recent years. The development of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) follows a multistep process starting from precursor lesions in the epithelium. Various risk factors have been associated with laryngeal tumors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, opium use, as well as infections with HPV and EBV viruses, among others. Cancer development involves multiple steps, and genetic alterations play a crucial role. Tumor suppressor genes can be inactivated, and proto-oncogenes may become activated through mechanisms like deletions, point mutations, promoter methylation, and gene amplification. Epigenetic modifications, driven by miRNAs, have been proven to contribute to LSCC development. Despite advances in molecular medicine, there are still aspects of laryngeal cancer that remain poorly understood, and the underlying biological mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In this narrative review, we examined the literature to analyze and summarize the main steps of carcinogenesis and the risk factors associated with laryngeal cancer.
Topics: Humans; Laryngeal Neoplasms; Carcinogenesis; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Risk Factors; Alcohol Drinking
PubMed: 37629093
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612913 -
International Journal of Oncology Jul 2023Cancer is considered the most important clinical, social and economic issue regarding cause‑specific disability‑adjusted life years among all human pathologies.... (Review)
Review
Cancer is considered the most important clinical, social and economic issue regarding cause‑specific disability‑adjusted life years among all human pathologies. Exogenous, endogenous and individual factors, including genetic predisposition, participate in cancer triggering. Telomeres are specific DNA structures positioned at the end of chromosomes and consist of repetitive nucleotide sequences, which, together with shelterin proteins, facilitate the maintenance of chromosome stability, while protecting them from genomic erosion. Even though the connection between telomere status and carcinogenesis has been identified, the absence of a universal or even a cancer‑specific trend renders consent even more complex. It is indicative that both short and long telomere lengths have been associated with a high risk of cancer incidence. When evaluating risk associations between cancer and telomere length, a disparity appears to emerge. Even though shorter telomeres have been adopted as a marker of poorer health status and an older biological age, longer telomeres due to increased cell growth potential are associated with the acquirement of cancer‑initiating somatic mutations. Therefore, the present review aimed to comprehensively present the multifaceted pattern of telomere length and cancer incidence association.
Topics: Humans; Neoplasms; Telomere; Carcinogenesis; Chromosomal Instability; DNA; Telomerase
PubMed: 37232367
DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5526 -
Clinical & Translational Oncology :... Jan 2024Recent studies have revealed the impact of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the carcinogenic process. miR-424 is a miRNA whose role in this process is being to be identified.... (Review)
Review
Recent studies have revealed the impact of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the carcinogenic process. miR-424 is a miRNA whose role in this process is being to be identified. Experiments in the ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, neuroblastoma, breast cancer, osteosarcoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, hemangioma and gastric cancer have reported down-regulation of miR-424. On the other hand, this miRNA has been found to be up-regulated in melanoma, laryngeal and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas, glioma, multiple myeloma and thyroid cancer. Expression of this miRNA is regulated by methylation status of its promoter. Besides, LINC00641, CCAT2, PVT1, LIN00657, LINC00511 and NNT-AS1 are among lncRNAs that act as molecular sponges for miR-424, thus regulating its expression. Moreover, several members of SNHG family of lncRNAs have been found to regulate expression of miR-424. This miRNA is also involved in the regulation of E2F transcription factors. The current review aims at summarization of the role of miR-424 in the process of cancer evolution and its impact on clinical outcome of patients in order to find appropriate markers for malignancies.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; RNA, Long Noncoding; Lung Neoplasms; MicroRNAs; Carcinogenesis; Esophageal Neoplasms; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Cell Proliferation; Cell Line, Tumor
PubMed: 37178445
DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03209-2 -
Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine Aug 2023Diosgenin, a steroidal sapogenin, obtained from Trigonella foenum-graecum, Dioscorea, and Rhizoma polgonati, has shown high potential and interest in the treatment of... (Review)
Review
Diosgenin, a steroidal sapogenin, obtained from Trigonella foenum-graecum, Dioscorea, and Rhizoma polgonati, has shown high potential and interest in the treatment of various cancers such as oral squamous cell carcinoma, laryngeal cancer, esophageal cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, glioma, and leukemia. This article aims to provide an overview of the in vivo, in vitro, and clinical studies reporting the diosgenin's anticancer effects. Preclinical studies have shown promising effects of diosgenin on inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and growth, promoting apoptosis, inducing differentiation and autophagy, inhibiting tumor cell metastasis and invasion, blocking cell cycle, regulating immunity and improving gut microbiome. Clinical investigations have revealed clinical dosage and safety property of diosgenin. Furthermore, in order to improve the biological activity and bioavailability of diosgenin, this review focuses on the development of diosgenin nano drug carriers, combined drugs and the diosgenin derivatives. However, further designed trials are needed to unravel the diosgenin's deficiencies in clinical application.
Topics: Male; Humans; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Diosgenin; Mouth Neoplasms; Apoptosis; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 36940072
DOI: 10.1007/s11655-023-3693-1 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Jan 2024: Paragangliomas of the head and neck are rare neuroendocrine tumors originating from the paraganglia, which might be sympathetic or parasympathetic. Laryngeal...
: Paragangliomas of the head and neck are rare neuroendocrine tumors originating from the paraganglia, which might be sympathetic or parasympathetic. Laryngeal paragangliomas are the rarest subtype of these tumors, with only 1.41% of all paragangliomas, arising from the supraglottic or subglottic paraganglia of the larynx. The vast majority of them are benign, but there are some cases in which they turn out to be malignant, and the only way to know with certainty the difference between them is when we identify distant metastases. The aim of this article is to share our experience with a rare case of laryngeal paraganglioma and review the clinical characteristics, methods of diagnostic, necessary investigation prior to the operation, and surgical management of this type of tumor. : We present the case of a 68-year-old female patient, a non-smoker, who accused dysphagia, dysphonia, foreign body sensation, chronic cough, and hoarseness for six months. We performed a tracheostomy prior to biopsy to secure the airways in case of bleeding and then took a few biopsy samples. The histopathological exam revealed the presence of a laryngeal paraganglioma. An enhanced CT scan was performed in order to describe the localization, size, and invasion of the tumor. We also measured the vanillylmandelic acid from the urine to determine if the tumor produced catecholamines alongside a full cardiology and endocrinology examinations. In order to prevent massive bleeding during the operation, chemoembolization was attempted before surgery, but it was unsuccessful due to an anatomical variation of the left superior thyroid artery. She underwent surgery, first through transoral endoscopic microsurgery; however, we decided to undertake an external approach because of poor bleeding control, even though we had ligated both the superior thyroid artery and the external carotid artery, with a thyrotomy and laryngofissure achieving the complete resection of the tumor. : The patient was discharged 10 postoperative days later, with the recommendation of introducing food step-by-step from liquids to solids. She was decannulated after 30 days, with no complications regarding breathing, phonation, or deglutition. Twelve months after the surgery, we did not identify any local relapses of distant metastases. : Laryngeal paragangliomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors that arise from the laryngeal paraganglia. Surgery is the best treatment option available, and it can be done by either an external approach or by transoral endoscopy. Enhanced CT or MRI, as well as full cardiological and endocrinological evaluation are mandatory prior to the operation. Measuring the catecholamines levels show the if the tumor is secretory. Controlling the bleeding poses the biggest challenge in performing the resection of the tumor, especially when a transoral endoscopic approach is chosen. Further standardized follow-up guidelines are required in the future.
Topics: Female; Humans; Aged; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Paraganglioma; Laryngeal Neoplasms; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Catecholamines
PubMed: 38399485
DOI: 10.3390/medicina60020198 -
Oncology and Therapy Mar 2024
PubMed: 38520635
DOI: 10.1007/s40487-024-00273-8