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Animal : An International Journal of... Apr 2017The objective was to determine the effects of immunization against gonadotropin-releasing hormone on reproductive characteristics in boars. A total of 72 boars were used...
The objective was to determine the effects of immunization against gonadotropin-releasing hormone on reproductive characteristics in boars. A total of 72 boars were used in a randomized design with three treatments: single immunization (SI) (10 weeks of age) or double immunization (DI) (10 and 15 weeks of age) with Improvest® and intact controls (no Improvest®; CNT) (n=24/group). At 10, 15, 20, 25 and 40 weeks of age, blood was collected and serum harvested to evaluate testosterone concentrations. Testosterone concentrations were less for DI boars compared with CNT boars and SI boars at 20 and 25 weeks (P<0.001), but not at 40 weeks of age. At week 25, 18 pigs (n=6/group) were sacrificed and testes were removed, weighed and measured, and seminiferous tubules were examined and scored using histological slides of testes parenchyma. A sample of neck fat was assessed for boar taint aroma. All testicular measurements and weights and seminiferous tubule scores were less for DI boars compared with SI and CNT boars (P<0.001). More (P<0.05) SI and CNT boars had detectable boar taint aroma than DI boars. Libido was assessed at 32, 36, 47, 60 and 63 weeks of age and semen collected at 60 weeks of age was analyzed for indicators of quality. There were no effects of treatment (P=0.41) or treatment by week (P=0.71) on libido. Semen volume, gel weight and total number of sperm cells, determined in a subset of boars (n=3/treatment), were not different among treatments. Sperm concentration was greater for DI than SI (P=0.01), and tended to be greater for DI compared with CNT (P=0.10). Sperm motility tended to be greater for DI boars compared with CNT boars (P=0.066). In conclusion, our results show that there are no long-term effects of immunocastration on reproductive characteristics in boars.
Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Immunization; Libido; Male; Orchiectomy; Reproduction; Semen; Sperm Count; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa; Swine; Testis; Testosterone; Time
PubMed: 27786141
DOI: 10.1017/S1751731116002081 -
Medical Science Monitor : International... Jan 2020BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate factors affecting the sex lives of middle-aged women, and whether surgical menopause affects sexual function...
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate factors affecting the sex lives of middle-aged women, and whether surgical menopause affects sexual function differently from natural menopause, by comparing effects on sexual performance of women with similar demographic features. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 151 women with surgical menopause (SM), 357 women with natural menopause (NM), and 186 perimenopausal women (PM). The women were asked to complete a 6-question survey of sexual performance parameters. The relationship between the demographic and clinical features and hormone levels of the groups and sexual function parameters were evaluated. We also compared these parameters between the 3 study groups, and paired comparisons were made between the SM group and the NM group. RESULTS Demographic features, serum DHEA-S, total testosterone, and FSH levels were found to have statistically significant effects on sexual performance of women (p<0.05). The sexual function scores for the frequency of sexual desire, coitus, and orgasm were significantly higher in the PM group, whereas vaginal lubrication scores were lower compared to the NM and SM group (p<0.05). In paired comparison of NM and SM, the scores for the frequency of coitus, orgasm, and vaginal lubrication were significantly higher in the SM group, while sexual desire frequency scores were higher in the NM group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study approached to this topic in an extended manner and found significant relationships between several demographic-clinical and hormonal factors. SM was found to not affect female sexual performance, except for sexual desire, more than NM.
Topics: Adult; Coitus; Dehydroepiandrosterone; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Humans; Libido; Menopause; Menopause, Premature; Middle Aged; Orgasm; Perimenopause; Sexual Behavior; Surveys and Questionnaires; Testosterone
PubMed: 31907344
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.921811 -
Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and... Dec 2015Regarding the contradictions about positive and negative effects of hysterectomy on women's sexual functioning, this study was conducted to review the studies on the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Regarding the contradictions about positive and negative effects of hysterectomy on women's sexual functioning, this study was conducted to review the studies on the effect of hysterectomy on postoperative women's sexual function.
METHOD
This study was a narrative review and performed in 5 steps: a) Determining the research questions, b) Search methods for identification of relevant studies, c) Choosing the studies, d) Classifying, sorting out, and summarizing the data, and e) reporting the results.
FINDINGS
The review of the studies yielded 5 main categories of results as follows: The effect of hysterectomy on Sexual desire, the effect of hysterectomy on sexual arousal, the effect of hysterectomy on orgasm, the effect of hysterectomy on dyspareunia, and the effect of hysterectomy on sexual satisfaction.
CONCLUSION
According to the studies reviewed in this study, most of the sexual disorders improve after hysterectomy for uterine benign diseases, and most of the patients who were sexually active before the surgery experienced the same or better sexual functioning after the surgery. An important solution for making these women ready to face with postoperative sexual complications is to train them on the basis of needs assessment in order that the patients undergoing hysterectomy be ready and capable of coping with the complications, and their sexual functioning improves after the surgery.
Topics: Dyspareunia; Female; Humans; Hysterectomy; Libido; Orgasm; Sexual Behavior
PubMed: 26843731
DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2015.69.387-392 -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery May 2023There has been a growing interest in alternatives to surgery for controlling reproduction in tom cats, and the resultant medical options add to a practitioner's toolbox... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
There has been a growing interest in alternatives to surgery for controlling reproduction in tom cats, and the resultant medical options add to a practitioner's toolbox when handling these cases in clinical practice. It is important, however, that when suggesting these drugs, veterinarians have a good understanding of their mode of action, and their correct use and dosage.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Breeders increasingly wish to be able to switch on/off the reproductive ability of their tom cats in a controlled manner. In addition, in small animal medicine, there has been concern from some academics, and a growing number of pet cat owners, about potential long-term effects of surgical sterilisation. Further, for some cats surgical castration may not be possible due to health conditions that mean anaesthesia is unsafe. In all of these scenarios, medical alternatives to surgery can prove useful.
EQUIPMENT AND TECHNICAL SKILLS
No special equipment or technical skills are required. A good knowledge of the medical alternatives to surgical sterilisation for controlling reproduction in a tom, and making sure the patient is a suitable candidate, are, however, important for ensuring the cat's health during and after treatment and the owner's satisfaction.
AUDIENCE
This review is aimed principally (but not exclusively) at veterinary practitioners working with cat breeders who seek a temporary arrest in their tom cat's reproduction. It may also help practitioners with clients who would like an alternative to surgery or with cats where anaesthesia for surgical castration is not possible.
EVIDENCE BASE
Advances in reproductive feline medicine have resulted in improved knowledge of medical contraception. This review draws on scientific evidence-based papers that report on the mode of action, length of efficacy and potential side effects of different methods of medical contraception, as well as the authors' own clinical experience.
Topics: Cats; Animals; Libido; Reproduction; Fertility; Contraception; Castration
PubMed: 37158289
DOI: 10.1177/1098612X231171406 -
The Journal of Sexual Medicine Aug 2021Women treated for rectal cancer are at risk of sexual dysfunction and impaired ovarian androgen production.
BACKGROUND
Women treated for rectal cancer are at risk of sexual dysfunction and impaired ovarian androgen production.
AIM
To investigate a possible association between serum levels of endogenous androgens and sexual function in women with rectal cancer.
METHODS
Women diagnosed with stage I-III rectal cancer were consecutively included and prospectively followed with the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire from baseline to 2 years postoperatively and blood samples for hormone analyses, baseline to 1 year. Androgens were measured with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and electrochemiluminescence. The associations between the 4 measured androgens (testosterone, free testosterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate) and sexual function were assessed with generalized least squares random effects regression analysis in sexually active women.
OUTCOMES
The primary outcome measure was the mean change observed in the FSFI total score when the serum androgen levels changed with one unit. Secondary outcomes were the corresponding mean changes in the FSFI domain scores: sexual desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain/discomfort.
RESULTS
In the 99 participants, the median FSFI total score decreased from 21.9 (range 2.0 - 36.0) to 16.4 (3.5 - 34.5) and 11.5 (2.0 to 34.8) at 1 and 2-years follow-up. After adjustment for age, partner, psychological well-being, preoperative (chemo)radiotherapy, and surgery, total testosterone and androstenedione were significantly associated with FSFI total score (β-coefficients 3.45 (95% CI 0.92 - 5.97) and 1.39 (0.46 - 2.33) respectively). Testosterone was significantly associated with the FSFI-domains lubrication and orgasm, free testosterone with lubrication, androstenedione with all domains except desire and satisfaction, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate with none of the domains.
STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS
This is the first study investigating whether androgen levels are of importance for the impaired sexual function seen in women following rectal cancer treatment. The prospective design allows for repeated measures and the use of the FSFI for comparisons across studies. No laboratory data were collected at the 2-year follow-up, and the missing data could have further clarified the studied associations.
CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPLICATION
Testosterone and androstenedione were associated with sexual function in female rectal cancer patients. The results are of interest for future intervention studies and contribute to the understanding of sexual problems, which is an essential component of the rehabilitation process in pelvic cancer survivors. Svanström Röjvall A, Buchli C, Flöter Rådestad A, et al. Impact of Androgens on Sexual Function in Women With Rectal Cancer - A Prospective Cohort Study. J Sex Med 2021;18:1374-1382.
Topics: Androgens; Female; Humans; Libido; Orgasm; Prospective Studies; Rectal Neoplasms; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 34284953
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.05.018 -
The British Journal of Surgery Feb 2019The impact of radiotherapy (RT) for rectal cancer on ovarian androgen production is unknown. The aim was to examine the effect of RT for rectal cancer on androgen levels... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
The impact of radiotherapy (RT) for rectal cancer on ovarian androgen production is unknown. The aim was to examine the effect of RT for rectal cancer on androgen levels in non-oophorectomised women and the association with female sexual desire.
METHOD
This prospective cohort study included women treated with surgery for rectal cancer with or without RT. Serum testosterone (T), free T, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) were assessed at baseline, after RT and one year postoperatively. Sexual desire was assessed with the Female Sexual Function Index.
RESULTS
Twenty-seven participants had surgery alone (RT-) and 98 had preoperative RT and surgery (RT+). During the first year after surgery, median T and free T decreased from 0.6 (range 0.1–3.6) to 0.5 (0.1–2.3) nmol/L (p<0.001) and 9.1 (range 1.6–45.8) to 7.9 (1.4–22.7) pmol/L (p<0.001) respectively in the RT+ group and did not change in the RT- group. Longitudinal regression analysis confirmed a decrease in T and free T after RT. The adjusted change in androstenedione and DHEA-S was not significant in any group. The mean change in T (OR 2.74 (95% CI 1.06–7.11, p=0.038), free T (OR 1.08 (95% CI 1.02–1.15), p=0.011) and androstenedione (OR 1.52 (95% CI 1.07–2.16), p=0.019 was related to change in sexual desire.
CONCLUSION
Radiotherapy decreases androgens predominantly derived from the ovaries, while androgens of mainly adrenal origin remain unchanged. Reduction in ovarian derived androgens maybe associated with reduced sexual desire.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Androgens; Androstenedione; Dehydroepiandrosterone; Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Humans; Libido; Middle Aged; Ovary; Prospective Studies; Rectal Neoplasms; Testosterone
PubMed: 30277569
DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10980 -
Hormones and Behavior Feb 2016Both estradiol and testosterone have been implicated as the steroid critical for modulating women's sexual desire. By contrast, in all other female mammals only... (Review)
Review
Both estradiol and testosterone have been implicated as the steroid critical for modulating women's sexual desire. By contrast, in all other female mammals only estradiol has been shown to be critical for female sexual motivation and behavior. Pharmaceutical companies have invested heavily in the development of androgen therapies for female sexual desire disorders, but today there are still no FDA approved androgen therapies for women. Nonetheless, testosterone is currently, and frequently, prescribed off-label for the treatment of low sexual desire in women, and the idea of testosterone as a possible cure-all for female sexual dysfunction remains popular. This paper places the ongoing debate concerning the hormonal modulation of women's sexual desire within a historical context, and reviews controlled trials of estrogen and/or androgen therapies for low sexual desire in postmenopausal women. These studies demonstrate that estrogen-only therapies that produce periovulatory levels of circulating estradiol increase sexual desire in postmenopausal women. Testosterone at supraphysiological, but not at physiological, levels enhances the effectiveness of low-dose estrogen therapies at increasing women's sexual desire; however, the mechanism by which supraphysiological testosterone increases women's sexual desire in combination with an estrogen remains unknown. Because effective therapies require supraphysiological amounts of testosterone, it remains unclear whether endogenous testosterone contributes to the modulation of women's sexual desire. The likelihood that an androgen-only clinical treatment will meaningfully increase women's sexual desire is minimal, and the focus of pharmaceutical companies on the development of androgen therapies for the treatment of female sexual desire disorders is likely misplaced.
Topics: Estradiol; Female; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Libido; Postmenopause; Testosterone
PubMed: 26589379
DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.11.003 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Mar 2006
Review
Topics: Erectile Dysfunction; Family Practice; Humans; Libido; Male; Medical History Taking; Middle Aged; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Physician-Patient Relations; Psychotherapy
PubMed: 16528083
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.332.7541.593 -
Archives of Sexual Behavior Nov 2022The aim of the present study was to expand previous findings regarding paradoxical effects of negative mood on sexual desire. This was done by considering the full range...
The aim of the present study was to expand previous findings regarding paradoxical effects of negative mood on sexual desire. This was done by considering the full range of depressed mood and anxiety symptoms and using methods that are unaffected by recall bias and that don't require participants to infer causal associations between their mood and sexual desire. A convenience sample of 213 university students completed daily questionnaires for approximately two months. Multilevel random-effects models were used to estimate average effects for the entire sample and to test for variability across participants in the associations between negative mood and sexual desire, controlling also for potential influences of the menstrual cycle. Previous findings showing that some women report decreased sexual desire and others increased sexual desire when depressed or anxious were confirmed. More importantly, for both depressed mood and anxiety, results demonstrated the presence of within-person paradoxical associations, whereby there were some women for whom both low and high levels of negative mood were associated with the same change (an increase or a decrease) in sexual desire. Related to these diverse response patterns, paradoxical associations between negative mood and sexual desire were also present at low levels of negative mood. The discussion underlines the importance of considering individual variability and multifactorial nonlinear models when studying sexual desire.
Topics: Female; Humans; Depression; Anxiety; Libido; Affect; Anxiety Disorders; Surveys and Questionnaires; Sexual Behavior
PubMed: 36123564
DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02400-w -
Cancer Control : Journal of the Moffitt... Jul 2006Compromised sexual function is often a side effect for patients following radical surgical procedures for bladder or prostate cancer. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Compromised sexual function is often a side effect for patients following radical surgical procedures for bladder or prostate cancer.
METHODS
The authors review the classification and physiology of sexual function and dysfunction. Moreover, they explain the possible pathophysiology directly resulting from surgery, and they discuss several approaches available to address these problems.
RESULTS
Options for male sexual dysfunction, primarily erectile dysfunction resulting from radical prostatectomy or surgery for bladder cancer, range from patient education to penile prosthesis implantation. Female sexual dysfunction caused by surgical intervention for bladder cancer includes problems with libido, arousal, orgasm, and dyspareunia. Treatment options for women can include sex therapy, hormonal therapy, and preventive strategies. However, no consensus has been established on the most effective agents and time points to treat male or female sexual dysfunction following radical cystectomies or prostatectomies. The chronic intermittent treatment of erectile dysfunction following radical prostatectomy has been commonly referred to as penile rehabilitation.
CONCLUSIONS
Additional research is needed to obtain further data concerning sexual dysfunction in both men and women following radical pelvic surgeries. Modification of surgical techniques, the use of various treatment modalities for sexual dysfunction, and the development of new agents will help to successfully minimize or prevent damage and restore normal sexual function after local surgical therapy for prostate or bladder cancer in the future.
Topics: Erectile Dysfunction; Female; Humans; Libido; Male; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 16885913
DOI: 10.1177/107327480601300304