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Brain Structure & Function Dec 2019Evidence is provided for a new conceptualization of the connectivity and functions of the cingulate cortex in emotion, action, and memory. The anterior cingulate cortex... (Review)
Review
Evidence is provided for a new conceptualization of the connectivity and functions of the cingulate cortex in emotion, action, and memory. The anterior cingulate cortex receives information from the orbitofrontal cortex about reward and non-reward outcomes. The posterior cingulate cortex receives spatial and action-related information from parietal cortical areas. It is argued that these inputs allow the cingulate cortex to perform action-outcome learning, with outputs from the midcingulate motor area to premotor areas. In addition, because the anterior cingulate cortex connects rewards to actions, it is involved in emotion; and because the posterior cingulate cortex has outputs to the hippocampal system, it is involved in memory. These apparently multiple different functions of the cingulate cortex are related to the place of this proisocortical limbic region in brain connectivity.
Topics: Animals; Emotions; Gyrus Cinguli; Humans; Limbic System; Memory; Motor Activity; Neural Pathways; Reward
PubMed: 31451898
DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01945-2 -
Brain Topography May 2023The Papez circuit, first proposed by James Papez in 1937, is a circuit believed to control memory and emotions, composed of the cingulate cortex, entorhinal cortex,... (Review)
Review
The Papez circuit, first proposed by James Papez in 1937, is a circuit believed to control memory and emotions, composed of the cingulate cortex, entorhinal cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and thalamus. Pursuant to James Papez, Paul Yakovlev and Paul MacLean incorporated the prefrontal/orbitofrontal cortex, septum, amygdalae, and anterior temporal lobes into the limbic system. Over the past few years, diffusion-weighted tractography techniques revealed additional limbic fiber connectivity, which incorporates multiple circuits to the already known complex limbic network. In the current review, we aimed to comprehensively summarize the anatomy of the limbic system and elaborate on the anatomical connectivity of the limbic circuits based on the published literature as an update to the original Papez circuit.
Topics: Humans; Limbic System; Gyrus Cinguli; Amygdala; Thalamus; Hippocampus; Neural Pathways
PubMed: 37148369
DOI: 10.1007/s10548-023-00955-y -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2019Chronic pain is a condition in which pain progresses from an acute to chronic state and persists beyond the healing process. Chronic pain impairs function and decreases... (Review)
Review
Chronic pain is a condition in which pain progresses from an acute to chronic state and persists beyond the healing process. Chronic pain impairs function and decreases patients' quality of life. In recent years, efforts have been made to deepen our understanding of chronic pain and to develop better treatments to alleviate chronic pain. In this review, we summarize the results of previous studies, focusing on the mechanisms underlying chronic pain development and the identification of neural areas related to chronic pain. We review the association between chronic pain and negative affective states. Further, we describe the structural and functional changes in brain structures that accompany the chronification of pain and discuss various neurotransmitter families involved. Our review aims to provide guidance for the development of future therapeutic approaches that could be used in the management of chronic pain.
Topics: Affect; Animals; Biomarkers; Brain; Cerebral Cortex; Chronic Pain; Disease Management; Humans; Limbic System; Neural Pathways; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 31248061
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133130 -
Human Brain Mapping Mar 2006The present study used pleasant and unpleasant music to evoke emotion and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to determine neural correlates of emotion...
The present study used pleasant and unpleasant music to evoke emotion and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to determine neural correlates of emotion processing. Unpleasant (permanently dissonant) music contrasted with pleasant (consonant) music showed activations of amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, and temporal poles. These structures have previously been implicated in the emotional processing of stimuli with (negative) emotional valence; the present data show that a cerebral network comprising these structures can be activated during the perception of auditory (musical) information. Pleasant (contrasted to unpleasant) music showed activations of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG, inferior Brodmann's area (BA) 44, BA 45, and BA 46), the anterior superior insula, the ventral striatum, Heschl's gyrus, and the Rolandic operculum. IFG activations appear to reflect processes of music-syntactic analysis and working memory operations. Activations of Rolandic opercular areas possibly reflect the activation of mirror-function mechanisms during the perception of the pleasant tunes. Rolandic operculum, anterior superior insula, and ventral striatum may form a motor-related circuitry that serves the formation of (premotor) representations for vocal sound production during the perception of pleasant auditory information. In all of the mentioned structures, except the hippocampus, activations increased over time during the presentation of the musical stimuli, indicating that the effects of emotion processing have temporal dynamics; the temporal dynamics of emotion have so far mainly been neglected in the functional imaging literature.
Topics: Acoustic Stimulation; Adult; Auditory Perception; Basal Ganglia; Brain; Cerebral Cortex; Emotions; Female; Functional Laterality; Humans; Larynx; Limbic System; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Music; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways
PubMed: 16078183
DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20180 -
Molecular Brain Jan 2021The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system and plays a crucial role in maintaining the human body's homeostasis. This study aims to investigate...
The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system and plays a crucial role in maintaining the human body's homeostasis. This study aims to investigate the resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) changes of the hypothalamus in fibromyalgia patients. 24 Fibromyalgia patients and 24 matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Resting state fMRI data were collected from the fibromyalgia patients and HC's. Fibromyalgia patients went through a second scan after 12 weeks of Tai Chi mind-body intervention. Data analysis showed that fibromyalgia patients displayed less medial hypothalamus (MH) rsFC with the thalamus and amygdala when compared to the functional connectivity in the HCs. After the Tai Chi mind-body intervention, fibromyalgia patients showed increased MH rsFC with the thalamus and amygdala accompanied by clinical improvement. Effective connectivity analysis showed disrupted MH and thalamus interaction in the fibromyalgia patients, which was altered by mind-body exercise. Our findings suggest that fibromyalgia is associated with altered functional connectivity within the diencephalon and limbic system. Elucidating the roles of the diencephalon and limbic system in the pathophysiology and development of fibromyalgia may facilitate the development of a new biomarker and effective treatment methods for this prevalent disorder.Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02407665. Registered: 3 April 2015, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02407665?term=NCT02407665&draw=2&rank=1.
Topics: Female; Fibromyalgia; Humans; Hypothalamus; Limbic System; Male; Middle Aged; Nerve Net; Rest; Thalamus
PubMed: 33472674
DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00705-2 -
Postgraduate Medical Journal Dec 1973The limbic system can be considered to consist of a central ‘core’ from which three well-defined circuits emerge. These are the the and the The functions of the... (Review)
Review
The limbic system can be considered to consist of a central ‘core’ from which three well-defined circuits emerge. These are the the and the The functions of the primitive limbic brain are modulated by a higher order control—the frontal lobe. Emotional responses and physiological changes have been obtained by stimulation of fronto-limbic pathways and limbic circuits and these have been used for location of target sites in psychosurgery. For the relief of intractable depression and anxiety, lesions are generally made in the lower medial quadrant or posteroorbital part of the frontal lobe, where there is a concentration of fronto-limbic connections. In primary obsessional neurosis lesions at this site produce less satisfactory results, but these illnesses may be helped by lesions in the cingulate gyrus, which is part of the Papez circuit. Patients with epilepsy and aggressive outbursts may respond to temporal lobotomy, or to operations, such as amygdalotomy, where lesions are placed in the defence reaction circuit.
Topics: Amygdala; Animals; Anorexia Nervosa; Emotions; Epilepsy; Feeding Behavior; Frontal Lobe; Gyrus Cinguli; Humans; Limbic System; Memory; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Psychosurgery
PubMed: 4618902
DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.49.578.825 -
TheScientificWorldJournal 2011Throughout the centuries, scientific observers have endeavoured to extend their knowledge of the interrelationships between the brain and its regulatory control of human... (Review)
Review
Throughout the centuries, scientific observers have endeavoured to extend their knowledge of the interrelationships between the brain and its regulatory control of human emotions and behaviour. Since the time of physicians such as Aristotle and Galen and the more recent observations of clinicians and neuropathologists such as Broca, Papez, and McLean, the field of affective neuroscience has matured to become the province of neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, neurologists, and psychiatrists. It is accepted that the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and insula participate in the majority of emotional processes. New imaging technologies and molecular biology discoveries are expanding further the frontiers of knowledge in this arena. The advancements of knowledge on the interplay between the human brain and emotions came about as the legacy of the pioneers mentioned in this field. The aim of this paper is to describe the historical evolution of the scientific understanding of interconnections between the human brain, behaviour, and emotions.
Topics: Behavior; Emotions; History, 15th Century; History, 16th Century; History, 17th Century; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, Ancient; Humans; Limbic System; Nerve Net; Neuroimaging; Neuropsychology; Neurosciences
PubMed: 22194673
DOI: 10.1100/2011/157150 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Jul 2015The thalamus was subdivided into three major groups: sensorimotor nuclei (or principal/relay nuclei), limbic nuclei and nuclei bridging these two domains. Limbic nuclei... (Review)
Review
The thalamus was subdivided into three major groups: sensorimotor nuclei (or principal/relay nuclei), limbic nuclei and nuclei bridging these two domains. Limbic nuclei of thalamus (or 'limbic thalamus') consist of the anterior nuclei, midline nuclei, medial division of the mediodorsal nucleus (MDm) and central medial nucleus (CM) of the intralaminar complex. The midline nuclei include the paraventricular (PV) and paratenial (PT) nuclei, dorsally, and the reuniens (RE) and rhomboid (RH) nuclei, ventrally. The 'limbic' thalamic nuclei predominantly connect with limbic-related structures and serve a direct role in limbic-associated functions. Regarding the midline nuclei, RE/RH mainly target limbic cortical structures, particularly the hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex. Accordingly, RE/RH participate in functions involving interactions of the HF and mPFC. By contrast, PV/PT mainly project to limbic subcortical structures, particularly the amygdala and nucleus accumbens, and hence are critically involved in affective behaviors such as stress/anxiety, feeding behavior, and drug seeking activities. The anatomical/functional characteristics of MDm and CM are very similar to those of the midline nuclei and hence the collection of nuclei extending dorsoventrally along the midline/paramidline of the thalamus constitute the core of the 'limbic thalamus'.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Limbic System; Midline Thalamic Nuclei; Neural Pathways
PubMed: 25616182
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.014 -
Hearing Research Apr 2016Tinnitus is a widespread auditory disorder affecting approximately 10-15% of the population, often with debilitating consequences. Although tinnitus commonly begins with... (Review)
Review
Tinnitus is a widespread auditory disorder affecting approximately 10-15% of the population, often with debilitating consequences. Although tinnitus commonly begins with damage to the auditory system due to loud-noise exposure, aging, or other etiologies, the exact neurophysiological basis of chronic tinnitus remains unknown. Many researchers point to a central auditory origin of tinnitus; however, a growing body of evidence also implicates other brain regions, including the limbic system. Correspondingly, we and others have proposed models of tinnitus in which the limbic and auditory systems both play critical roles and interact with one another. Specifically, we argue that damage to the auditory system generates an initial tinnitus signal, consistent with previous research. In our model, this "transient" tinnitus is suppressed when a limbic frontostriatal network, comprised of ventromedial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum, successfully modulates thalamocortical transmission in the auditory system. Thus, in chronic tinnitus, limbic-system damage and resulting inefficiency of auditory-limbic interactions prevents proper compensation of the tinnitus signal. Neuroimaging studies utilizing connectivity methods like resting-state fMRI and diffusion MRI continue to uncover tinnitus-related anomalies throughout auditory, limbic, and other brain systems. However, directly assessing interactions between these brain regions and networks has proved to be more challenging. Here, we review existing empirical support for models of tinnitus stressing a critical role for involvement of "non-auditory" structures in tinnitus pathophysiology, and discuss the possible impact of newly refined connectivity techniques from neuroimaging on tinnitus research.
Topics: Acoustic Stimulation; Aging; Attention; Auditory Cortex; Auditory Pathways; Cognition; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Hearing Loss; Humans; Limbic System; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Neuroimaging; Stress, Psychological; Tinnitus
PubMed: 26299843
DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2015.08.005 -
Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology :... Oct 2022Pre-eclampsia is a vascular complication of pregnancy, associated with a long-term risk of cerebrovascular and mental disorders. We explored whether formerly...
OBJECTIVE
Pre-eclampsia is a vascular complication of pregnancy, associated with a long-term risk of cerebrovascular and mental disorders. We explored whether formerly pre-eclamptic women exhibit differences in functional brain organization, especially in regions that may explain the commonly reported emotional symptoms and cognitive complaints even years after the pregnancy.
METHODS
Formerly pre-eclamptic women and control women with a history of normotensive pregnancy underwent structural and functional 7-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scans. Using graph theoretical analysis, the efficiency and clustering coefficient of the functional brain network were investigated. The study included local analysis focusing on particular brain structures, such as the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex, and global analysis of the whole cerebrum. Univariable and multivariable linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between brain network-related graph measures and the group (formerly pre-eclamptic or control).
RESULTS
A total of 17 control parous women and 55 women with a history of pre-eclampsia were recruited. The time intervals between the index pregnancy and recruitment were 8.0 and 5.6 years for the two groups, respectively. Compared with control women, formerly pre-eclamptic women had higher local efficiency in the prefrontal cortex (P = 0.048) and anterior cingulate cortex (P = 0.03) but lower local efficiency and local clustering coefficient in the amygdala (P = 0.004 and P = 0.02, respectively) and parahippocampal cortex (P = 0.007 and P = 0.008, respectively). No differences were found in the global functional brain organization.
CONCLUSIONS
Compared to controls with a history of normotensive pregnancy, formerly pre-eclamptic women displayed a different local functional brain organization. These differences in functional connectivity, especially in the limbic regions and the prefrontal cortex, are in line with the psychological and cognitive complaints reported commonly by women with a history of pre-eclampsia. © 2022 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Topics: Blood Pressure; Female; Humans; Limbic System; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Pre-Eclampsia; Prefrontal Cortex; Pregnancy
PubMed: 35502135
DOI: 10.1002/uog.24928