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American Family Physician Mar 2020Point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) is performed by a physician at the bedside and is standard practice in obstetric, emergency, and musculoskeletal medicine. When... (Review)
Review
Point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) is performed by a physician at the bedside and is standard practice in obstetric, emergency, and musculoskeletal medicine. When compared with formal sonography, POCUS is equivalent in screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm and as accurate in diagnosing deep venous thrombosis. POCUS has high accuracy for diagnosing pneumonia and detecting acute decompensated heart failure but is less accurate than computed tomography for identifying pulmonary embolism. POCUS confirmation of intrauterine pregnancy rules out an ectopic pregnancy. In the third trimester of high-risk pregnancies, umbilical artery Doppler ultrasonography can improve perinatal outcomes. Musculoskeletal POCUS is used to diagnose and guide treatment of many joint and soft tissue conditions. It is as accurate as magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of complete rotator cuff tears. Ultrasound guidance improves outcomes in the placement of central venous catheters and fluid drainage from body cavities and lumbar punctures. Ultrasonography can reduce the use of CT for diagnosis of appendicitis; however, negative scan results do not rule out disease. POCUS can accurately diagnose and rule out gallbladder pathology, and is effective for diagnosing urolithiasis. Focused cardiac ultrasonography can detect pericardial effusion and decreased systolic function, but is less accurate than lung ultrasonography at diagnosing acute heart failure. Limited evidence demonstrates a benefit of diagnosing testicular and gynecologic conditions. The American College of Emergency Physicians, the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, the American College of Radiology, and others offer POCUS training. Training standards for POCUS have been defined for residency programs but are less established for credentialing.
Topics: Abscess; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal; Appendicitis; Cellulitis; Clinical Competence; Colic; Female; Fractures, Bone; Hemorrhage; Humans; Intestinal Perforation; Intracranial Hypertension; Lung; Male; Pericardial Effusion; Point-of-Care Systems; Pregnancy; Prenatal Care; Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Retinal Detachment; Rotator Cuff Injuries; Soft Tissue Infections; Spermatic Cord Torsion; Stroke Volume; Ultrasonography; Ultrasonography, Interventional; Venous Thrombosis
PubMed: 32109031
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2021Thunb (; Saururaceae) is widely distributed in Asian regions. It plays an important role in traditional health care and disease treatment, as its aboveground stems and... (Review)
Review
Thunb (; Saururaceae) is widely distributed in Asian regions. It plays an important role in traditional health care and disease treatment, as its aboveground stems and leaves have a long medicinal history in China and are used in the treatment of pneumonia and lung abscess. In clinical treatment, it can usually be combined with other drugs to treat dysentery, cold, fever, and mumps; additionally, is an edible plant. This review summarizes detailed information on the phytochemistry and pharmacological effects of . By searching the keywords " and lung", " and heart", " and liver", and " and inflammation" in PubMed, Web of Science and ScienceDirect, we screened out articles with high correlation in the past ten years, sorted out the research contents, disease models and research methods of the articles, and provided a new perspective on the therapeutic effects of . A variety of its chemical constituents are characteristic of medicinal plants, the chemical constituents were isolated from , including volatile oils, alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Flavonoids and volatile oils are the main active components. In pharmacological studies, showed organ protective activity, such as reducing the release of inflammatory factors to alleviate lung injury. Moreover, regulates immunity, enhances the immune barriers of the vagina, oral cavity, and intestinal tract, and combined with the antibacterial and antiviral activity of its extract, effectively reduces pathogen infection. Furthermore, experiments and showed significant anti-inflammatory activity, and its chemical derivatives exert potential therapeutic activity against rheumatoid arthritis. Antitumour action is also an important pharmacological activity of , and studies have shown that has a notable effect on lung tumour, liver tumour, colon tumour, and breast tumour. This review categorizes the biological activities of according to modern research papers, and provides insights into disease prevention and treatment of .
PubMed: 34539401
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.714694 -
Journal of Infection and Public Health Apr 2023Pulmonary actinomycosis is a rare infection caused by the bacterial species actinomyces. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of pulmonary actinomycosis to... (Review)
Review
Pulmonary actinomycosis is a rare infection caused by the bacterial species actinomyces. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of pulmonary actinomycosis to improve awareness and knowledge. The literature was analysed using databases including Pubmed, Medline and Embase from 1974 to 2021. After inclusion and exclusion, a total of 142 papers were reviewed. Pulmonary actinomycosis is a rare disease occurring in approximately 1 per 3,000,000 people annually. Historically, pulmonary actinomycosis was a common infection with high mortality; however, the infection has become rarer since the widespread use of penicillins. Actinomycosis is known as "the great masquerade"; however, it can be differentiated from other diseases with acid-fast negative ray-like bacilli and sulphur granules being pathognomonic. Complications of the infection include empyema, endocarditis, pericarditis, pericardial effusion, and sepsis. The mainstay of treatment is prolonged antibiotic therapy, with adjuvant surgery in severe cases. Future research should focus on multiple areas, including the potential risk secondary to immunosuppression from newer immunotherapies, the utility of newer diagnostic techniques and ongoing surveillance post-therapy.
Topics: Humans; Actinomycosis; Actinomyces; Lung Diseases; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Penicillins
PubMed: 36801629
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.02.004 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger May 2021A lung abscess is a necrotising infection leading to loss of healthy lung tissue. It develops over several weeks, and the typical presentation includes cough, fever, and... (Review)
Review
A lung abscess is a necrotising infection leading to loss of healthy lung tissue. It develops over several weeks, and the typical presentation includes cough, fever, and general deterioration. The clinical work-up includes contrast-enhanced CT-scans, and frequently flexible bronchoscopy with broncho-alveolar lavage as described in this review. The infection commonly represents aspiration of oral bacterial flora, including anaerobic microbes. Penicillin resistance is common. A lung abscess generally requires long-term, tailored antibiotic treatment. The patient should consult a dentist to identify possible dental foci.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bronchoscopy; Humans; Lung; Lung Abscess
PubMed: 34060466
DOI: No ID Found -
Annals of Translational Medicine Aug 2019Postobstructive pneumonia can complicate lung cancer, particularly in more advanced stages of the disease, producing significant clinical decline and a poorer prognosis.... (Review)
Review
Postobstructive pneumonia can complicate lung cancer, particularly in more advanced stages of the disease, producing significant clinical decline and a poorer prognosis. It can lead to complications such as empyema, lung abscess and fistula formation. Postobstructive pneumonia can also be the first manifestation of an underlying malignancy. There are multiple challenges in the management of these patients. Recognition and treatment of this entity can be complex and includes the use of imaging, administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics to cover the wide variety of microorganisms involved and the use of different interventional modalities to relieve the obstruction. Existing literature on postobstructive pneumonia is scarce. In this article, we review the pathophysiology, different diagnostic methods and the therapeutic options to treat this condition. The utility and efficacy of the various modalities that are currently available in clinical practice to the interventional pulmonologist are described in some detail.
PubMed: 31516903
DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.05.26 -
Pediatric Radiology Nov 2021In addition to radiography, ultrasound (US) has long proved to be a valuable imaging modality to evaluate the pediatric lung and pleural cavity. Its many inherent... (Review)
Review
In addition to radiography, ultrasound (US) has long proved to be a valuable imaging modality to evaluate the pediatric lung and pleural cavity. Its many inherent advantages, including real-time performance, high spatial resolution, lack of ionizing radiation and lack of need for sedation make it preferable over other imaging modalities such as CT. Since the introduction of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs), contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has become a valuable complementary US technique, with many well-established uses in adults and evolving uses in children. Lung CEUS applications are still not licensed and are performed off-label, although the added value of CEUS in certain clinical scenarios is increasingly reported. The limited evidence of CEUS in the evaluation of pediatric lungs focuses primarily on community-acquired pneumonia and its complications. In this clinical setting, CEUS is used to confidently and accurately diagnose necrotizing pneumonia and to delineate pleural effusions and empyema. In addition to intravenous use, UCAs can be administered directly into the pleural cavity through chest catheters to improve visualization of loculations within a complex pleural effusion, which might necessitate fibrinolytic therapy. The purpose of this paper is to present the current experience on pediatric lung CEUS and to suggest potential additional uses that can be derived from adult studies.
Topics: Adult; Child; Contrast Media; Humans; Lung; Pleural Effusion; Pneumonia; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 33978798
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-020-04914-8