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Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular... May 2019Visual loss associated with cardiac surgery is due primarily to retinal artery occlusion and ischemic optic neuropathy. This review summarizes current state of knowledge... (Review)
Review
Visual loss associated with cardiac surgery is due primarily to retinal artery occlusion and ischemic optic neuropathy. This review summarizes current state of knowledge concerning these visually disabling complications.
Topics: Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Case-Control Studies; Humans; Perioperative Care; Postoperative Complications; Retrospective Studies; Vision Disorders
PubMed: 30616896
DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2018.11.035 -
Clinical & Experimental Optometry Jan 2018Children born very preterm are at a greater risk of abnormal visual and neurological development when compared to children born at full term. Preterm birth is associated... (Review)
Review
Children born very preterm are at a greater risk of abnormal visual and neurological development when compared to children born at full term. Preterm birth is associated with retinopathy of prematurity (a proliferative retinal vascular disease) and can also affect the development of brain structures associated with post-retinal processing of visual information. Visual deficits common in children born preterm, such as reduced visual acuity, strabismus, abnormal stereopsis and refractive error, are likely to be detected through childhood vision screening programs, ophthalmological follow-up or optometric care. However, routine screening may not detect other vision problems, such as reduced visual fields, impaired contrast sensitivity and deficits in cortical visual processing, that may occur in children born preterm. For example, visual functions associated with the dorsal visual processing stream, such as global motion perception and visuomotor integration, may be impaired by preterm birth. These impairments can continue into adolescence and adulthood and may contribute to the difficulties in learning (particularly reading and mathematics), attention, behaviour and cognition that some children born preterm experience. Improvements in understanding the mechanisms by which preterm birth affects vision will inform future screening and interventions for children born preterm.
Topics: Female; Global Health; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Pregnancy; Premature Birth; Prevalence; Vision Disorders; Visual Acuity; Visual Perception
PubMed: 28868651
DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12578 -
Physiological Reviews Jan 2018Visual impairment intracranial pressure (VIIP) syndrome is considered an unexplained major risk for future long-duration spaceflight. NASA recently redefined this... (Review)
Review
Visual impairment intracranial pressure (VIIP) syndrome is considered an unexplained major risk for future long-duration spaceflight. NASA recently redefined this syndrome as Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS). Evidence thus reviewed supports that chronic, mildly elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) in space (as opposed to more variable ICP with posture and activity on Earth) is largely accounted for by loss of hydrostatic pressures and altered hemodynamics in the intracranial circulation and the cerebrospinal fluid system. In space, an elevated pressure gradient across the lamina cribrosa, caused by a chronic but mildly elevated ICP, likely elicits adaptations of multiple structures and fluid systems in the eye which manifest themselves as the VIIP syndrome. A chronic mismatch between ICP and intraocular pressure (IOP) in space may acclimate the optic nerve head, lamina cribrosa, and optic nerve subarachnoid space to a condition that is maladaptive to Earth, all contributing to the pathogenesis of space VIIP syndrome. Relevant findings help to evaluate whether artificial gravity is an appropriate countermeasure to prevent this seemingly adverse effect of long-duration spaceflight.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Intracranial Hypertension; Intracranial Pressure; Intraocular Pressure; Posture; Space Flight; Vision Disorders
PubMed: 29167331
DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2016 -
The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics 2021Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) is an increasingly common type of visual disturbance in infants and children. The increased incidence is associated with improved... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) is an increasingly common type of visual disturbance in infants and children. The increased incidence is associated with improved neonatal intensive care services and survival of premature infants, especially in developed countries and our country. For accurate ophthalmological evaluation, it is important to know the behavioral responses to visual stimuli that are unique to CVI such as color preference, need for movement, visual latency, visual field preference, and difficulty in visual complexity.
METHODS
This review is prepared to draw attention to the subject within the scope of Ankara University Vision, Artificial Vision and Low Vision Rehabilitation training programs.
RESULTS
The most common causes are hypoxia and perinatal ischemia. Ocular structures are generally normal or are not sufficient to explain the visual impairment. Diagnosis and habilitation methods differ from visual impairment of ocular origin. As a result, early diagnosis of CVI in infants and toddlers and an effective visual habilitation with a multidisciplinary approach where ophthalmologists and pediatricians lead the team is very valuable.
CONCLUSIONS
Early diagnosis and early visual habilitation will increase the quality of life of babies and will provide important gains for families and therefore the whole society. Pediatricians should be familiar with this group of disturbances and the available resources, as they are best placed to refer the child for evaluation and rehabilitation and encourage the family for follow-up.
Topics: Brain Diseases; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Quality of Life; Vision Disorders; Vision, Low
PubMed: 33686821
DOI: 10.24953/turkjped.2021.01.001 -
Neuron Sep 2020Human organoid models of the central nervous system, including the neural retina, are providing unprecedented opportunities to explore human neurodevelopment and... (Review)
Review
Human organoid models of the central nervous system, including the neural retina, are providing unprecedented opportunities to explore human neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration in controlled culture environments. In this Perspective, we discuss how the single-cell multi-omic toolkit has been used to identify features and limitations of brain and retina organoids and how these tools can be deployed to study congenital brain malformations and vision disorders in organoids. We also address how to improve brain and retina organoid protocols to revolutionize in vitro disease modeling.
Topics: Genomics; Humans; Neurodevelopmental Disorders; Organoids; Primary Cell Culture; Single-Cell Analysis; Vision Disorders
PubMed: 32970995
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.001 -
Psychiatria Polska Aug 2020Schizophrenia is an illness with a large variety of symptoms, significant variability of the individual course, and still not fully explained etiology. It is suggested... (Review)
Review
Schizophrenia is an illness with a large variety of symptoms, significant variability of the individual course, and still not fully explained etiology. It is suggested that genetic, infectious and immunological factors may be involved, and neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative and neurotransmitter hypotheses have been proposed. Detection of the measurable and reproducible biological indicators of the clinical picture and the course, referred to as biomarkers, may be essential to elucidate the etiopathogenic mechanism of the illness. For schizophrenia, this function may be performed by the retina of the eye and other elements of the visual pathway. The observed abnormalities are of a structural and functional nature. They concern virtually the entire visual system, and, in accordance with the neurodevelopmental theory of schizophrenia, arise at the early stages of brain formation. What is essential - the specific structure of the human eye, its translucency, lack of myelin and low concentration of glial cells provide excellent opportunities for non-invasive assessment of the microstructure and function of the central nervous system. The following paper discusses the most important changes in the visual apparatus observed in patients with schizophrenia. Particular attention was paid to retinal vascular changes, anomalies in the electroretinogram and optical coherence tomography, structural and functional disorders of cortical centers and neurochemical disorders in the cells of the visual pathway.
Topics: Disease Progression; Electroretinography; Humans; Retina; Schizophrenia; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Vision Disorders; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 33386720
DOI: 10.12740/PP/114952 -
Archives of Disease in Childhood Dec 2014Children with disability are at a substantially higher risk of visual impairment (VI) (10.5% compared with 0.16%) but also of ocular disorders of all types, including... (Review)
Review
Children with disability are at a substantially higher risk of visual impairment (VI) (10.5% compared with 0.16%) but also of ocular disorders of all types, including refractive errors and strabismus. The aetiology of VI in children with disability reflects that of the general population and includes cerebral VI, optic atrophy, as well as primary visual disorders such as retinal dystrophies and structural eye anomalies. VI and other potentially correctable ocular disorders may not be recognised without careful assessment and are frequently unidentified in children with complex needs. Although assessment may be more challenging than in other children, identifying these potential additional barriers to learning and development may be critical. There is a need to develop clearer guidelines, referral pathways and closer working between all professionals involved in the care of children with disability and visual disorders to improve our focus on the assessment of vision and outcomes for children with disability.
Topics: Child; Disabled Children; Humans; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Vision Disorders; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 25165073
DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2013-305267 -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Jun 2017
Topics: Aged; Eye; Humans; Ischemia; Male; Syndrome; Vision Disorders
PubMed: 28606978
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.160459 -
British Journal of Hospital Medicine... Feb 2022
Topics: Humans; Vision Disorders
PubMed: 35243894
DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2021.0171 -
British Medical Journal May 1977
Topics: Giant Cell Arteritis; Humans; Prednisolone; Vision Disorders
PubMed: 861661
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.6073.1412-c