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Epilepsy & Behavior Reports 2022•Functional (psychogenic) symptoms exist in all specialties.•They are by definition not under voluntary control, unlike factitious disorders and malingering.•The... (Review)
Review
•Functional (psychogenic) symptoms exist in all specialties.•They are by definition not under voluntary control, unlike factitious disorders and malingering.•The diagnostic approach to functional symptoms varies among specialties.
PubMed: 35198949
DOI: 10.1016/j.ebr.2021.100506 -
Proceedings of the Royal Society of... Nov 1977
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Malingering; Munchausen Syndrome; Self Mutilation; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 601049
DOI: No ID Found -
The Primary Care Companion For CNS... Feb 2018Factitious disorder can present in multiple health care settings, with patients intentionally producing symptoms to assume the sick role. This assumption of the sick... (Review)
Review
Factitious disorder can present in multiple health care settings, with patients intentionally producing symptoms to assume the sick role. This assumption of the sick role can result in multiple hospitalizations with unnecessary diagnostic workup, as well as invasive diagnostic procedures that can lead to worrisome side effects. Differential diagnoses that should be ruled out include malingering, somatic symptom disorder, and anxiety disorders. For many providers, patients with factitious disorder can be a challenge to treat because the etiology of the disorder remains unclear. There are multiple psychological theories that attempt to explain the motivation and thought process behind the voluntary production of symptoms. Some of these theories have addressed disruptive attachments during childhood, possible intergenerational transfer of the disorder, personal identity conflicts, somatic illness as a form of masochistic activity toward oneself, and intrapsychic conflicts. Confrontation and psychotherapy with a multidisciplinary team has been proposed as a form of treatment. An understanding of the psychological factors associated with factitious disorder can help providers understand the rationale behind the patient's presentation and aid in the formulation of a treatment plan.
Topics: Anxiety Disorders; Diagnosis, Differential; Factitious Disorders; Humans; Malingering
PubMed: 29489075
DOI: 10.4088/PCC.17nr02229 -
Italian Journal of Dermatology and... Dec 2022Self-inflicted skin disorders are artefact diseases inflicted by the use of multiple different means, for various different purposes. They account for about 2% of...
Self-inflicted skin disorders are artefact diseases inflicted by the use of multiple different means, for various different purposes. They account for about 2% of dermatology patient visits, and include disorders with a denied or hidden pathological behavior (factitious disorders) and disorders with a non-denied and non-hidden pathological behavior (compulsive disorders). In turn, factitious skin disorders are subdivided into 2 groups: factitious disorders without an external incentive (considered in a preceding work) and factitious disorders with external incentives. In the second eventuality, the simulator is motivated by illicit intent, wishing to evade civil duties or a prison sentence, for instance, or to exploit situations of an occupational nature, and is fully aware of his action and his intention. Apart of the two groups of pathomimic artefacts and malingering, some self-inflicted dermatoses are due to behavioral disorders involving compulsive habits (tics, psychological excoriations). The great majority of subjects suffering from the latter disturbances are quick to confess their urge to self-inflict lesions. The management, including both psychiatric and dermatological assessment, concludes this second part of the work regarding the self-inflicted cutaneous diseases.
Topics: Humans; Self-Injurious Behavior; Skin; Factitious Disorders; Malingering; Tics
PubMed: 36177780
DOI: 10.23736/S2784-8671.22.07376-5 -
Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience 2015The primary aim of this article is to aid clinicians in differentiating true posttraumatic stress disorder from malingered posttraumatic stress disorder. Posttraumatic... (Review)
Review
The primary aim of this article is to aid clinicians in differentiating true posttraumatic stress disorder from malingered posttraumatic stress disorder. Posttraumatic stress disorder and malingering are defined, and prevalence rates are explored. Similarities and differences in diagnostic criteria between the fourth and fifth editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders are described for posttraumatic stress disorder. Possible motivations for malingering posttraumatic stress disorder are discussed, and common characteristics of malingered posttraumatic stress disorder are described. A multimodal approach is described for evaluating posttraumatic stress disorder, including interview techniques, collection of collateral data, and psychometric and physiologic testing, that should allow clinicians to distinguish between those patients who are truly suffering from posttraumatic disorder and those who are malingering the illness.
PubMed: 25852974
DOI: No ID Found -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Jul 1992
Topics: Back Pain; Disability Evaluation; Humans; Jurisprudence; Malingering; Movement; Spine
PubMed: 1386270
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.305.6844.7 -
Frontiers in Neurology 2021Dizziness is a frequent complaint after head trauma. Among patients who suffer a concussion (mild traumatic brain injury or mTBI), dizziness is second only to headache... (Review)
Review
Dizziness is a frequent complaint after head trauma. Among patients who suffer a concussion (mild traumatic brain injury or mTBI), dizziness is second only to headache in symptom frequency. The differential diagnosis of post-concussive dizziness (PCD) can be divided into non-vestibular, central vestibular and peripheral vestibular causes with growing recognition that patients frequently exhibit both central and peripheral findings on vestibular testing. Symptoms that traditionally have been ascribed to central vestibular dysfunction may be due to peripheral dysfunction. Further, our ability to test peripheral vestibular function has improved and has allowed us to identify peripheral disorders that in the past would have remained unnoticed. The importance of the identification of the peripheral component in PCD lies in our ability to remedy the peripheral vestibular component to a much greater extent than the central component. Unfortunately, many patients are not adequately evaluated for vestibular disorders until long after the onset of their symptoms. Among the diagnoses seen as causes for PCD are (1) Central vestibular disorders, (2) Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV), (3) Labyrinthine dehiscence/perilymph fistula syndrome, (4) labyrinthine concussion, (5) secondary endolymphatic hydrops, (6) Temporal bone fracture, and (7) Malingering (particularly when litigation is pending). These diagnoses are not mutually exclusive and PCD patients frequently exhibit a combination of these disorders. A review of the literature and a general approach to the patient with post-concussive dizziness will be detailed as well as a review of the above-mentioned diagnostic categories.
PubMed: 35058868
DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.718318 -
Psychological Injury and Law 2023Symptom feigning and malingering should be evaluated in forensic contexts due to their important socio-economic consequences. Despite this, to date, there is little...
Symptom feigning and malingering should be evaluated in forensic contexts due to their important socio-economic consequences. Despite this, to date, there is little research in Spain that evaluates its prevalence. The aim of this study was to investigate this issue using the perception of the general population, students, and professionals of medicine and forensic psychology. Three adapted questionnaires were applied to a total of 1003 participants (61.5% women) from 5 different groups. Approximately two-thirds of participants reported knowing someone who feigned symptoms, and one-third disclosed feigning symptoms themselves in the past. Headache/migraine, neck pain, and anxious-depressive symptoms were the most commonly chosen. Experts in psychology and forensic medicine estimated a prevalence of 20 to 40% of non-credible symptom presentations in their work settings and reported not having sufficient means to assess the distorted presentation of symptoms with certainty. Professionals and laypersons alike acknowledge that non-credible symptom presentations (like feigning or malingering) are relevant in Spain and occur at a non-trivial rate, which compares with estimates in other parts of the world.
PubMed: 35911787
DOI: 10.1007/s12207-022-09458-w -
Canadian Medical Association Journal Oct 1964Individuals can carry out complex activity while in a state of impaired consciousness, a condition termed "automatism". Consciousness must be considered from both an...
Individuals can carry out complex activity while in a state of impaired consciousness, a condition termed "automatism". Consciousness must be considered from both an organic and a psychological aspect, because impairment of consciousness may occur in both ways. Automatism may be classified as normal (hypnosis), organic (temporal lobe epilepsy), psychogenic (dissociative fugue) or feigned. Often painstaking clinical investigation is necessary to clarify the diagnosis. There is legal precedent for assuming that all crimes must embody both consciousness and will. Jurists are loath to apply this principle without reservation, as this would necessitate acquittal and release of potentially dangerous individuals. However, with the sole exception of the defence of insanity, there is at present no legislation to prohibit release without further investigation of anyone acquitted of a crime on the grounds of "automatism".
Topics: Automatism; Classification; Consciousness; Conversion Disorder; Crime; Diagnosis, Differential; Dissociative Disorders; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe; Forensic Medicine; Humans; Hypnosis; Hysteria; Malingering; Physiology; Temporal Lobe
PubMed: 14199824
DOI: No ID Found