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Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Sep 2022
Topics: Data Interpretation, Statistical; Humans; Limit of Detection; Models, Statistical
PubMed: 36164797
DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.22.0439 -
Canadian Medical Association Journal Oct 1964Individuals can carry out complex activity while in a state of impaired consciousness, a condition termed "automatism". Consciousness must be considered from both an...
Individuals can carry out complex activity while in a state of impaired consciousness, a condition termed "automatism". Consciousness must be considered from both an organic and a psychological aspect, because impairment of consciousness may occur in both ways. Automatism may be classified as normal (hypnosis), organic (temporal lobe epilepsy), psychogenic (dissociative fugue) or feigned. Often painstaking clinical investigation is necessary to clarify the diagnosis. There is legal precedent for assuming that all crimes must embody both consciousness and will. Jurists are loath to apply this principle without reservation, as this would necessitate acquittal and release of potentially dangerous individuals. However, with the sole exception of the defence of insanity, there is at present no legislation to prohibit release without further investigation of anyone acquitted of a crime on the grounds of "automatism".
Topics: Automatism; Classification; Consciousness; Conversion Disorder; Crime; Diagnosis, Differential; Dissociative Disorders; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe; Forensic Medicine; Humans; Hypnosis; Hysteria; Malingering; Physiology; Temporal Lobe
PubMed: 14199824
DOI: No ID Found -
World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology -... Mar 2018Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their...
Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their patients' chemosensory function, taking their complaints at face value. This is clearly not the approach paid to patients complaining of visual, hearing, or balance problems. Accurate chemosensory testing is essential to establish the nature, degree, and veracity of a patient's complaint, as well as to aid in counseling and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment strategies and decisions. In many cases, patients perseverate on chemosensory loss that objective assessment demonstrates has resolved. In other cases, patients are malingering. Olfactory testing is critical for not only establishing the validity and degree of the chemosensory dysfunction, but for helping patients place their dysfunction into perspective relative to the function of their peer group. It is well established, for example, that olfactory dysfunction is the rule, rather than the exception, in members of the older population. Moreover, it is now apparent that such dysfunction can be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Importantly, older anosmics are three times more likely to die over the course of an ensuring five-year period than their normosmic peers, a situation that may be averted in some cases by appropriate nutritional and safety counseling. This review provides the clinician, as well as the academic and industrial researcher, with an overview of the available means for accurately assessing smell and taste function, including up-to-date information and normative data for advances in this field.
PubMed: 30035257
DOI: 10.1016/j.wjorl.2018.03.001 -
Canadian Medical Association Journal Feb 1985
Topics: Drug Prescriptions; Humans; Jurisprudence; Malingering; Physician Impairment; Physician-Patient Relations; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 3967157
DOI: No ID Found -
Pain Research & Management 2014Adjudication of disability claims related to fibromyalgia (FM) syndrome can be a challenging and complex process. A commentary published in the current issue of Pain... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Adjudication of disability claims related to fibromyalgia (FM) syndrome can be a challenging and complex process. A commentary published in the current issue of Pain Research & Management makes suggestions for improvement. The authors of the commentary contend that: previously and currently used criteria for the diagnosis of FM are irrelevant to clinical practice; the opinions of family physicians should supersede those of experts; there is little evidence that trauma can cause FM; no formal instruments are necessary to assess disability; and many FM patients on or applying for disability are exaggerating or malingering, and tests of symptoms validity should be used to identify malingerers.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the assertions made by Fitzcharles et al.
METHODS
A narrative review of the available research literature was performed.
RESULTS
Available diagnostic criteria should be used in a medicolegal context; family physicians are frequently uncertain about FM and⁄or biased; there is considerable evidence that trauma can be a cause of FM; it is essential to use validated instruments to assess functional impairment; and the available tests of physical effort and symptom validity are of uncertain value in identifying malingering in FM.
CONCLUSIONS
The available evidence does not support many of the suggestions presented in the commentary. Caution is advised in adopting simple solutions for disability adjudication in FM because they are generally incompatible with the inherently complex nature of the problem.
Topics: Disabled Persons; Fibromyalgia; Humans
PubMed: 25479149
DOI: 10.1155/2014/321307 -
The Hospital Aug 1888
PubMed: 29836484
DOI: No ID Found -
The Hospital Aug 1888
PubMed: 29836426
DOI: No ID Found -
The Hospital Oct 1888
PubMed: 29813893
DOI: No ID Found -
Europe's Journal of Psychology Mar 2020Malingering mental disorder for financial compensation can offer substantial rewards to those willing to do so. A recent review of UK medico-legal experts' practices for...
Malingering mental disorder for financial compensation can offer substantial rewards to those willing to do so. A recent review of UK medico-legal experts' practices for detecting claimants evidenced that they are not well equipped to detect those that do. This is not surprising, considering that very little is known regarding why individuals opt to malinger. A potential construct which may influence an individual's choice to malinger is their knowledge of the disorder, and when one considers the high levels of depression literacy within the UK, it is imperative that this hypothesis is investigated. A brief depression knowledge scale was devised and administered to undergraduate students (N = 155) alongside a series of questions exploring how likely participants were to malinger in both workplace stress and claiming for benefit vignettes. Depression knowledge did not affect the likelihood of engaging in any malingering strategy in either the workplace stress vignettes or the benefit claimant vignettes. Differences were found between the two vignettes providing evidence for the context-specific nature of malingering, and an individual's previous mental disorder was also influential.
PubMed: 33680168
DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v16i1.1730 -
Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi Oct 2023Research on facial micro-expression analysis has been going on for decades. Micro-expression can reflect the true emotions of individuals, and it has important... (Review)
Review
Research on facial micro-expression analysis has been going on for decades. Micro-expression can reflect the true emotions of individuals, and it has important application value in assisting auxiliary diagnosis and disease monitoring of mental disorders. In recent years, the development of artificial intelligence and big data technology has made the automatic recognition of micro-expressions possible, which will make micro-expression analysis more convenient and more widely used. This paper reviews the development of facial micro-expression analysis and its application in forensic psychiatry, to look into further application prospects and development direction.
Topics: Humans; Forensic Psychiatry; Artificial Intelligence; Mental Disorders; Facial Expression; Emotions
PubMed: 38006270
DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2022.120104