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Nutrients May 2023The very-low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) is effective and safe for obese individuals, but limited information exists on its impact on the intestinal barrier. This...
The very-low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) is effective and safe for obese individuals, but limited information exists on its impact on the intestinal barrier. This study analyzed the effects of 8 weeks of VLCKD on 24 obese patients (11M/13F). Carbohydrate intake was fixed at 20-50 g/day, while protein and lipid intake varied from 1-1.4 g/kg of ideal body weight and 15-30 g per day, respectively. Daily calorie intake was below 800 kcal. The lactulose-mannitol absorption test assessed small intestinal permeability. Multiple markers, such as serum and fecal zonulin, fatty acid-binding protein, diamine oxidase concentrations, urinary dysbiosis markers (indican and skatole), and circulating lipopolysaccharide levels, were analyzed. Inflammation markers (serum interleukin 6, 8, 10, and tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations) were also evaluated. The results showed significant reductions in weight, BMI, and waist circumference post-diet. However, the lactulose-mannitol ratio increased by 76.5%, and a significant increase in dysbiosis markers at the end of the diet occurred. This trend was particularly evident in a subgroup of patients. Despite initial benefits, the VLCKD might negatively affect the intestinal barrier function in obese patients, potentially worsening their compromised intestinal balance.
Topics: Humans; Pilot Projects; Diet, Ketogenic; Lactulose; Dysbiosis; Obesity; Mannitol
PubMed: 37299524
DOI: 10.3390/nu15112561 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Aug 2012
Review
Topics: Brain Injuries; Diuretics, Osmotic; Female; Fluid Therapy; Humans; Intracranial Hypertension; Mannitol; Middle Aged; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Radiography; Saline Solution, Hypertonic
PubMed: 22913684
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMct1206321 -
Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2020A concise spherical granulation method is required to prepare extemporaneously granules remanufactured from oral dosage forms for administration to individuals who...
A concise spherical granulation method is required to prepare extemporaneously granules remanufactured from oral dosage forms for administration to individuals who cannot swallow tablets or capsules. In this study, we determined the feasibility of spherical granulation using a planetary centrifugal mixer. A model formulation, 20% ibuprofen (IBP) granules, was prepared using a lactose/cornstarch (7 : 3, w/w) mixture or D-mannitol as diluents, and changes in granule characteristics (mean diameter (d50), distribution range of granule size (span), and yield) were evaluated according to the amount of water added and the granulation time. The amount of water was assessed using the plastic limit value as measured using a digital force gauge. We successfully produced granules, and larger amounts of water and longer granulation times resulted in larger d50 values and smaller span values. The optimal granulation time was 45 s and the optimal water contents were 70 and 67.5% of the plastic limit value for the lactose/cornstarch mixture and D-mannitol, respectively. When compared to commercial 20% IBP granules, powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry analyses showed that the granulation process did not alter the crystallinity of the drug. Thus, this novel granulation method using a planetary centrifugal mixer may be a promising technique for compounding in pharmacies and in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Topics: Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; Centrifugation; Ibuprofen; Lactose; Mannitol; Particle Size; Powder Diffraction; Starch; Surface Properties
PubMed: 32115532
DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00888 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine May 2019Acute kidney injury (AKI) leading to severe uremia is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic, widely used in the management of...
INTRODUCTION
Acute kidney injury (AKI) leading to severe uremia is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic, widely used in the management of AKI, both as a bolus injection and as a constant rate infusion (CRI).
OBJECTIVES
To determine the plasma concentration of mannitol after a bolus injection and CRI at the recommended dosages, and to assess the effect of mannitol on renal function variables including urine production, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and solute excretion.
METHODS
Prospective cross-over design study, using 6 healthy dogs. Each dog underwent 3 protocols with at least a 7-day washout period between protocols. The first protocol included bolus injection of mannitol, the second protocol included bolus injection followed by CRI of mannitol and the third protocol (control) included injection of 5% dextrose in water (D5W). Urine production, GFR, and fractional excretion (FE) of solutes were measured for 10 hours.
RESULTS
For all protocols, urine production significantly (P < .001) increased after bolus injection, but no significant difference in urine production or GFR was observed among the treatment groups. Mannitol injection increased the FE of sodium and urea nitrogen, but these effects were short-lived.
CONCLUSIONS
Mannitol has minimal effect on urine production and GFR but does increase FE of urea nitrogen and sodium, immediately after bolus injection. Constant rate infusion at a conventional dosage of 1 mg/kg/min cannot maintain these effects in dogs with normal renal function, because mannitol concentration decreases rapidly.
Topics: Animals; Cross-Over Studies; Diuretics, Osmotic; Dogs; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Infusions, Intravenous; Kidney; Male; Mannitol; Prospective Studies; Sodium; Urea
PubMed: 30927388
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15490 -
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... Apr 2024Airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) is a tenet of the persistent asthma phenotype along with reversible airway obstruction and type 2 (T2) inflammation. Indirect acting... (Review)
Review
Airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) is a tenet of the persistent asthma phenotype along with reversible airway obstruction and type 2 (T2) inflammation. Indirect acting challenges such as mannitol are more closely related to the underlying T2 inflammatory process as compared with direct challenges. In this review article, we summarise the current literature and explore the future role of mannitol AHR in clinical remission with biologics.
Topics: Humans; Asthma; Respiratory Hypersensitivity; Inflammation; Biological Therapy; Mannitol
PubMed: 38097177
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.12.013 -
Journal of Bacteriology Aug 1972The addition of mannitol to cultures of Salmonella typhimurium mutants missing mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase causes stasis or lysis. Mannitol-1-phosphate...
The addition of mannitol to cultures of Salmonella typhimurium mutants missing mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase causes stasis or lysis. Mannitol-1-phosphate accumulates intracellularly to concentrations of 20 mm. The incorporation of acetate into lipid is inhibited before cell wall, protein, or nucleic acid synthesis.
Topics: Acetates; Alcohol Oxidoreductases; Bacterial Proteins; Bacteriolysis; Carbon Isotopes; Cell Wall; Chromatography, Paper; Genetics, Microbial; Lipids; Mannitol; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation; Nucleic Acids; Phenylalanine; Pimelic Acids; Salmonella typhimurium; Stereoisomerism; Time Factors; Tritium; Uracil
PubMed: 4559727
DOI: 10.1128/jb.111.2.351-355.1972 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2018Determination of urinary lactulose/mannitol is one of the most used tests to evaluate intestinal barrier function. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)...
Determination of urinary lactulose/mannitol is one of the most used tests to evaluate intestinal barrier function. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry guarantees high levels of selectivity and reproducibility. In this paper we report an upgrade of the previous published liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method, introducing more reliable internal standards and ultra-performance liquid chromatography with ethylene bridged hybrid amide columns. The ultra-performance liquid chromatography provided an efficient chromatographic separation of the two sugars in 5 min, compared to 15 min using the previous method. The limit of quantification was 10 µg/mL for mannitol and 2.5 µg/mL for lactulose, and the assay was linear up to 1000 µg/mL for mannitol and 1000 µg/mL for lactulose. The within-run precision and accuracy ranged from 0.7 to 2.9% and 97.2 to 101.2%, respectively. The between-run precision and accuracy ranged from 1.9 to 4.7% and 94.8 to 97.5%, respectively. Recovery was higher than 90.2% for both lactulose and mannitol, and the matrix effect for both lactulose and mannitol was lower than 15%. With this new method we have a real improvement in terms of accuracy and reproducibility, ensuring results in shorter time. The changes to the previous protocol make this method excellent for routine purposes.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Lactulose; Mannitol; Permeability; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
PubMed: 30347792
DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102705 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2021Specific link between high fructose uptake and cancer development and progression highlighted fructose transporters as potential means to achieve GLUT-mediated...
Specific link between high fructose uptake and cancer development and progression highlighted fructose transporters as potential means to achieve GLUT-mediated discrimination between normal and cancer cells. The gained expression of fructose-specific transporter GLUT5 in various cancers offers a possibility for developing cancer-specific imaging and bioactive agents. Herein, we explore the feasibility of delivering a bioactive agent through cancer-relevant fructose-specific transporter GLUT5. We employed specific targeting of GLUT5 by 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol and investigated several drug conjugates for their ability to induce cancer-specific cytotoxicity. The proof-of-concept analysis was carried out for conjugates of chlorambucil (CLB) in GLUT5-positive breast cancer cells and normal breast cells. The cytotoxicity of conjugates was assessed over 24 h and 48 h, and significant dependence between cancer-selectivity and conjugate size was observed. The differences were found to relate to the loss of GLUT5-mediated uptake upon increased conjugate size and hydrophobicity. The findings provide information on the substrate tolerance of GLUT5 and highlight the importance of maintaining appropriate hydrophilicity for GLUT-mediated delivery.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Chlorambucil; Female; Glucose Transporter Type 5; Humans; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Mannitol; Substrate Specificity
PubMed: 34064801
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105073 -
PloS One 2019Mannitol, a sugar alcohol used in commercial food products, has been previously shown to induce sex-biased mortality in female Drosophila melanogaster when ingested at a...
Mannitol, a sugar alcohol used in commercial food products, has been previously shown to induce sex-biased mortality in female Drosophila melanogaster when ingested at a single concentration (1 M). We hypothesized that sex differences in energy needs, related to reproductive costs, contributed to the increased mortality we observed in females compared to males. To test this, we compared the longevity of actively mating and non-mating flies fed increasing concentrations of mannitol. We also asked whether mannitol-induced mortality was concentration-dependent for both males and females, and if mannitol's sex-biased effects were consistent across concentrations. Females and males both showed concentration-dependent increases in mortality, but female mortality was consistently higher at concentrations of 0.75 M and above. Additionally, fly longevity decreased further for both sexes when housed in mixed sex vials as compared to single sex vials. This suggests that the increased energetic demands of mating and reproduction for both sexes increased the ingestion of mannitol. Finally, larvae raised on mannitol produced expected adult sex ratios, suggesting that sex-biased mortality due to the ingestion of mannitol occurs only in adults. We conclude that sex and reproductive status differences in mannitol ingestion drive sex-biased differences in adult fly mortality.
Topics: Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drosophila melanogaster; Feeding Behavior; Female; Larva; Longevity; Male; Mannitol; Sex Characteristics
PubMed: 31150400
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213760 -
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jan 2023This study examined physical stability of spray freeze dried (SFD) bovine serum albumin (BSA) solids produced using the radio frequency (RF)-assisted drying technique....
This study examined physical stability of spray freeze dried (SFD) bovine serum albumin (BSA) solids produced using the radio frequency (RF)-assisted drying technique. BSA formulations were prepared with varying concentrations of trehalose and mannitol, using an excipient-free formulation as control. These formulations were produced using either traditional ultrasonic spray freeze drying (SFD) or RF-assisted ultrasonic spray freeze drying (RFSFD). The dried formulations were then characterized using Karl Fischer moisture content measurement, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and solid-state hydrogen/deuterium exchange with mass spectrometry (ssHDX-MS). Moisture content did not have a good correlation with the physical stability of the formulations measured by SEC. ssHDX-MS metrics such as deconvoluted peak areas of the deuterated samples showed a satisfactory correlation (R = 0.914) with the SEC stability data. RFSFD improved the stability of formulations with 20 mg/ml of trehalose and no mannitol, and had similar stability with all other formulations as compared to SFD. This study demonstrated that RFSFD technique can significantly reduce the duration of primary drying cycle from 48.0 h to 27.5 h while maintaining or improving protein physical stability as compared to traditional lyophilization.
Topics: Trehalose; Ultrasonics; Freeze Drying; Excipients; Powders; Mannitol; Serum Albumin, Bovine
PubMed: 36181875
DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.09.024