-
Fungal Genetics and Biology : FG & B Mar 2014The polyol mannitol is one of the main compatible solutes in Neosartorya fischeri and accumulates in conidia and ascospores. Here, it is shown that biosynthesis of...
The polyol mannitol is one of the main compatible solutes in Neosartorya fischeri and accumulates in conidia and ascospores. Here, it is shown that biosynthesis of mannitol in N. fischeri mainly depends on mannitol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase (MpdA). Reporter studies and qPCR analysis demonstrated that mpdA is moderately expressed in vegetative hyphae and conidiophores, while it is highly expressed during development of ascospores. Deletion of mpdA reduced mannitol in whole cultures as much as 85% of the wild type, while trehalose levels had increased more than 4-fold. Decreased mannitol accumulation had no effect on mycelial growth irrespective of heat- or oxidative stress. Notably, conidia of the ΔmpdA strain had higher mannitol and lower trehalose levels. They were more sensitive to heat stress. The most distinct phenotype of mpdA deletion was the absence of full development of ascospores. Formation of cleistothecia, and asci was not affected. The ascus cell wall, however, did not dissolve and asci contained incompletely formed or aborted ascospores. Addition of the Mpd inhibitor nitrophenide to the wild type strain also resulted in disturbed ascospore formation. Taken together, these results show that mannitol has a role in sexual development of N. fischeri and in stress resistance of conidia.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Hot Temperature; Mannitol; Molecular Sequence Data; Neosartorya; Oxidative Stress; Spores, Fungal; Stress, Physiological; Sugar Alcohol Dehydrogenases
PubMed: 24412483
DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.12.010 -
Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2011Cerebral relaxation during intracranial surgery is necessary, and hiperosmolar therapy is one of the measures used to this end. Frequently, neurosurgical patients have... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Cerebral relaxation during intracranial surgery is necessary, and hiperosmolar therapy is one of the measures used to this end. Frequently, neurosurgical patients have sodium imbalances. The objective of the present study was to quantify and determine cerebral relaxation and duration of hydroelectrolytic changes secondary to the use of mannitol versus hypertonic isoncotic solution (HIS) during neurosurgery.
METHODS
Cerebral relaxation and hydroelectrolytic changes were evaluated in 29 adult patients before de beginning of infusion, and 30 and 120 minutes after the infusion of equiosmolar loads of approximately 20% mannitol (250 mL) or HIS (120 mL). The volume of intravenous fluids infused and diuresis were recorded. A p < 0.05 was considered significant.
RESULTS
A statistically significant difference in cerebral relaxation between both groups was not observed. Although several changes in electrolyte levels and acid-base balance with mannitol or HIS reached statistical significance only the reduction in plasma sodium 30 minutes after infusion of mannitol, mean of 6.42 ± 0.40 mEq.L(-1), and the increase in chloride, mean of 5.41 ± 0.96 mEq.L(-1) and 5.45 ± 1.45 mEq.L(-1) 30 and 120 minutes after infusion of HIS, caused a transitory dislocation of serum ion levels from normal range. The mannitol (20%) group had a significantly greater diuresis at both times studied compared with HIS group.
CONCLUSIONS
A single dose of hypertonic isoncotic saline solution [7.2% NaCl/6% HES (200/0.5)] and mannitol (20%) with equivalent osmolar loads were effective and safe in producing cerebral relaxation during elective neurosurgical procedures under general anesthesia.
Topics: Adult; Anesthesia; Brain; Craniotomy; Diuretics, Osmotic; Female; Humans; Hypertonic Solutions; Male; Mannitol; Water-Electrolyte Balance
PubMed: 21724008
DOI: 10.1016/S0034-7094(11)70053-8 -
Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica Feb 2021Mannitol, an osmotic diuretic, is proposed to be an oxygen radical scavenger. Mannitol is often used in renal transplantation to attenuate oxidative stress and thus to... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Mannitol, an osmotic diuretic, is proposed to be an oxygen radical scavenger. Mannitol is often used in renal transplantation to attenuate oxidative stress and thus to protect renal graft function. We tested the hypothesis that mannitol reduces overall oxidative stress during deceased donor renal transplantation.
METHODS
We randomly assigned 34 patients undergoing deceased donor renal transplantation to receive a solution of mannitol or placebo shortly before graft reperfusion until the end of surgery. We evaluated oxidative stress by measuring the static oxidative-reduction potential (sORP) and the capacity of the oxidative-reduction potential (cORP). sORP and cORP were measured pre-operatively, before and within 10 minutes after graft reperfusion, and post-operatively.
RESULTS
Seventeen patients were enrolled in the mannitol group and 17 patients were enrolled in the placebo group. Mannitol had no significant effect on sORP (148.5 mV [136.2; 160.2]) as compared to placebo (143.6 mV [135.8; 163.2], P = .99). There was also no significant difference in cORP between the mannitol (0.22 µC [0.16; 0.36]) and the placebo group (0.22 µC [0.17; 0.38], P = .76).
CONCLUSION
Mannitol showed no systemic redox scavenging effects during deceased donor renal transplantation. To evaluate the direct effect of mannitol on the renal graft further studies are needed.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02705573.
Topics: Humans; Kidney; Kidney Transplantation; Mannitol; Oxidation-Reduction
PubMed: 32966587
DOI: 10.1111/aas.13713 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Jul 2021Lactococcus lactis has great potential for high-yield production of mannitol, which has not yet been fully realized. In this study, we characterize how the mannitol...
Lactococcus lactis has great potential for high-yield production of mannitol, which has not yet been fully realized. In this study, we characterize how the mannitol genes in L. lactis are organized and regulated and use this information to establish efficient mannitol production. Although the organization of the mannitol genes in L. lactis was similar to that in other Gram-positive bacteria, and , encoding the enzyme IIA component (EIIA) of the mannitol phosphotransferase system (PTS) and the mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase, respectively, were separated by a transcriptional terminator, and the mannitol genes were found to be organized in two transcriptional units: an operon comprising , encoding the enzyme IIBC component (EIIBC) of the mannitol PTS, , encoding a transcriptional activator, and , as well as a separately expressed gene. The promoters driving expression of the two transcriptional units were somewhat similar, and both contained predicted catabolite responsive element () genes. The presence of carbon catabolite repression was demonstrated and was shown to be relieved in stationary-phase cells. The transcriptional activator MtlR (), in some Gram-positive bacteria, is repressed by phosphorylation by EIIA, and when we knocked out , we indeed observed enhanced expression from the two promoters, which indicated that this mechanism was in place. Finally, by overexpressing the gene and using stationary-phase cells as biocatalysts, we attained 10.1 g/liter mannitol with a 55% yield, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the highest titer ever reported for L. lactis. Summing up, the results of our study should be useful for improving the mannitol-producing capacity of this important industrial organism. Lactococcus lactis is the most studied species of the lactic acid bacteria, and it is widely used in various food fermentations. To date, there have been several attempts to persuade L. lactis to produce mannitol, a sugar alcohol with important therapeutic and food applications. Until now, to achieve mannitol production in L. lactis with significant titer and yield, it has been necessary to introduce and express foreign genes, which precludes the use of such strains in foods, due to their recombinant status. In this study, we systematically characterize how the mannitol genes in L. lactis are regulated and demonstrate how this impacts mannitol production capability. We harnessed this information and managed to establish efficient mannitol production without introducing foreign genes.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Industrial Microbiology; Lactococcus lactis; Mannitol; Operon
PubMed: 34105983
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00779-21 -
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Oct 2015Authentication and quality assessment of Cordyceps sinensis, a precious and pricey natural product that offers a variety of health benefits, is highly significant. To...
Authentication and quality assessment of Cordyceps sinensis, a precious and pricey natural product that offers a variety of health benefits, is highly significant. To identify effective chemical markers, authentic C. sinensis was thoroughly screened by using HPLC-MS/MS. In addition to many previously reported ingredients, two glycosides, i.e., cyclo-Ala-Leu-rhamnose and Phe-o-glucose, were detected for the first time in this material. Six ingredients detected, including cordycepin, D-mannitol, Phe, Phe-o-glucose, cyclo-Gly-Pro, and cyclo-Ala-Leu-rhamnose, were selected as a collection of chemical markers. An HPLC-MS/MS method was developed to simultaneously quantify them with sensitivity and specificity. The method had limits of detection ranging from 0.008 μg mL(-1) for cordycepin to 0.75 μg mL(-1) for cyclo-Gly-Pro. Recovery was found between 96 and 103 % in all tests. To evaluate the effectiveness of the marker collection proposed, five authentic C. sinensis samples and five samples of its substitutes were analyzed. Cordycepin, D-mannitol, and Phe were found present in all samples. The contents ranged from 0.0076 to 0.029 % (w/w) for cordycepin, 0.33 to 18.9 % for mannitol, and 0.0013 to 0.642 % for Phe. Interestingly, the two glycosides, Phe-o-glucose and cyclo-Ala-Leu-rhamnose, were detected only in authentic C. sinensis samples. These results indicated that the proposed protocol based on HPLC-MS/MS quantification of the markers might have a great potential in authentication and quality assessment of C. sinensis. Graphical abstract Chemical markers of C. sinensis identified in this work.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cordyceps; Deoxyadenosines; Dipeptides; Glucose; Glycosides; Mannitol; Rhamnose; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 26302964
DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8978-6 -
BMC Urology Mar 2018Mannitol has been employed to ameliorate renal warm ischemia damage during partial nephrectomy, however, there is limited scientific evidence to support the use of...
BACKGROUND
Mannitol has been employed to ameliorate renal warm ischemia damage during partial nephrectomy, however, there is limited scientific evidence to support the use of mannitol during partial nephrectomy. The objective of the present study was to investigate the glomerular number after renal warm ischemia, with and without the use of mannitol in a Pig Model.
METHODS
Twenty-four male pigs were assigned into three groups. Eight animals were allocated to the sham group that was subjected to laparoscopic dissection of the left renal hilum, without renal ischemia. Eight animals were allocated to the ischemia group that had the left renal hilum clamped for 30 min through laparoscopic access. Eight animals received mannitol (250 mg/kg) before the occlusion of renal hilum for 30 min. The kidneys were collected after the euthanasia of the pigs 21 days post surgery. The right kidney was utilized as a self-control for each animal. Serum creatinine, urea levels, the weight and volume of the kidneys were measured. Glomerular volumetric density, volume-weighted glomerular volume, and cortical volume were quantified through stereological methods and employed to determine the number of nephrons per kidney. Student's t test and ANOVA were used for statistical analysis.
RESULTS
In the ischemia group, the left kidney recorded a reduction of 24.6% (290, 000 glomeruli) in the number of glomeruli in comparison to the right kidney. Kidneys subjected to ischemia also displayed decreased weight and volume in comparison to the sham and mannitol groups. No difference was observed between the left and right kidneys from the sham and mannitol groups. Further, no distinction in serum creatinine and urea among the groups was observed.
CONCLUSION
The use of mannitol significantly reduces nephron loss during warm ischemia in pigs.
Topics: Animals; Cell Count; Diuretics, Osmotic; Male; Mannitol; Models, Animal; Nephrons; Swine; Warm Ischemia
PubMed: 29510690
DOI: 10.1186/s12894-018-0328-5 -
JAMA Ophthalmology Feb 2021Blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBD) is a systemic therapy for malignant central nervous system (CNS) tumors that has been linked to poorly understood pigmentary...
IMPORTANCE
Blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBD) is a systemic therapy for malignant central nervous system (CNS) tumors that has been linked to poorly understood pigmentary maculopathy.
OBJECTIVES
To examine the rate of and risk factors for the development of BBBD-associated maculopathy and to assess whether there can be visually significant progression after completion of systemic therapy.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
In this retrospective case series, data from February 1, 2006, through December 31, 2019, were collected from patients treated with osmotic BBBD at a single tertiary referral center who had subsequent ophthalmic evaluation.
EXPOSURES
Treatment with BBBD therapy for any malignant CNS tumor.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Rate and potential risk factors for developing BBBD-associated maculopathy and changes in visual acuity and retinal imaging characteristics after completion of BBBD therapy.
RESULTS
Of 283 patients treated with BBBD and chemotherapy for a CNS malignant neoplasm, 68 (mean [SD] age, 46.0 [17.9] years; 25 [38.5%] female) had an ophthalmic examination after starting systemic therapy. After excluding 3 patients because of bilateral media opacities, pigmentary maculopathy was present in 32 of 65 patients (49.2%) treated with BBBD. The number of BBBD treatment sessions, but not age, CNS malignant cancer type, or systemic chemotherapy agent, was associated with maculopathy development (odds ratio, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.12-1.50; P = .001). After completion of BBBD therapy, progressive enlargement of geographic atrophy occurred in 5 eyes of 3 patients, and choroidal neovascularization developed in 1 eye.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
In this case series, an association was found between BBBD-related maculopathy and the number of BBBD treatment sessions, suggesting a dose-dependent effect. In some cases, maculopathy progression, including enlargement of geographic atrophy, occurred years after completion of systemic therapy. These findings may have important implications for patient education and ophthalmic monitoring.
Topics: Adult; Antineoplastic Agents; Blood-Brain Barrier; Capillary Permeability; Central Nervous System Neoplasms; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Injections; Macular Degeneration; Male; Mannitol; Middle Aged; Osmosis; Retrospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors
PubMed: 33270081
DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.5329 -
The Journal of Toxicological Sciences 2023Acute hyperglycemia causes various cardiovascular responses; however, the underlying pathophysiology in vivo is myriad and complex, of which mutual interactions remain...
Both osmolality-dependent and independent mechanisms are associated with acute hyperglycemia-induced cardiovascular adverse reactions: Analysis of the mutual interactions leading to cardiovascular phenotypes in dogs.
Acute hyperglycemia causes various cardiovascular responses; however, the underlying pathophysiology in vivo is myriad and complex, of which mutual interactions remain poorly understood. We analyzed the cardiovascular effects of acute hyperglycemia in comparison with those of hyperosmolality alone. Three g/kg of D-glucose (n = 4) or D-mannitol (n = 4) was intravenously infused to isoflurane-anesthetized intact dogs. Glucose infusion increased plasma glucose level and osmolality, whereas mannitol infusion similarly changed osmolality to glucose infusion but decreased glucose level. Glucose infusion decreased total peripheral vascular resistance, but increased heart rate, left ventricular contraction, left ventricular preload and cardiac output without altering mean blood pressure. Mannitol infusion likewise changed them, but its positive chronotropic and inotropic effects were less potent than those of glucose infusion. Glucose infusion prolonged PR interval, QRS width and QTcV. Mannitol infusion similarly changed them, but its QTcV prolongation was smaller than that of glucose infusion. Glucose infusion-induced cardiovascular responses would be basically attributed to osmolality-dependent mechanisms, whereas its positive chronotropic and inotropic effects along with repolarization delay may be enhanced by osmolality-independent mechanisms, including hyperglycemia by itself and insulin release.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Cardiovascular System; Hyperglycemia; Glucose; Mannitol; Phenotype
PubMed: 36858642
DOI: 10.2131/jts.48.169 -
The European Respiratory Journal Nov 1997Inhalation of hypertonic saline stimulates mucociliary clearance (MCC) in healthy subjects and those with obstructive lung disease. We investigated the effect of... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
Inhalation of hypertonic saline stimulates mucociliary clearance (MCC) in healthy subjects and those with obstructive lung disease. We investigated the effect of inhaling the osmotic agent mannitol on MCC. We used a dry-powder preparation of mannitol British Pharmacopea (BP) which was encapsulated and delivered using a Dinkihaler. MCC was measured for 75 min in six asthmatic and six healthy subjects on two occasions before and after the mannitol inhalation or its control, using 99mTc-sulphur colloid and a gamma camera. The inhaled dose of mannitol was 267+/-171 mg (mean+/-SD) and 400 mg and the percentage fall in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was 22+/-3 and 4+/-2% in the asthmatic and healthy subjects, respectively. The total clearance in the whole right lung for the 60 min from the start of inhalation of mannitol was greater by 263+/-11.9% in the asthmatic and 18.1+/-4.9% in the healthy subjects compared to the control. The total clearance over 75 min was 54.7+/-9.6% and 33.6+/-9.4% on the mannitol and control day (p<0.002), respectively, in the asthmatic subjects and 40.5+/-7.1% and 24.8+/-7.8% (p<0.002) in the healthy subjects. In conclusion, inhalation of dry-powder mannitol increases mucociliary clearance in asthmatic and healthy subjects and may benefit patients with abnormal mucociliary clearance.
Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Adult; Asthma; Diuretics, Osmotic; Humans; Lung; Mannitol; Mucociliary Clearance; Powders; Radionuclide Imaging; Radiopharmaceuticals; Spirometry; Stimulation, Chemical; Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid
PubMed: 9426077
DOI: 10.1183/09031936.97.10112449 -
BMJ Clinical Evidence Oct 2007Head injury in young adults is often associated with motor vehicle accidents, violence, and sports injuries. In older adults it is often associated with falls. Severe... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Head injury in young adults is often associated with motor vehicle accidents, violence, and sports injuries. In older adults it is often associated with falls. Severe head injury can lead to secondary brain damage from cerebral ischaemia resulting from hypotension, hypercapnia, and raised intracranial pressure. Severity of brain injury is assessed using the GCS. While about a quarter of people with severe brain injury (GCS score less than 8) will make a good recovery, about a third will die, and a fifth will have severe disability or be in a vegetative state.
METHODS AND OUTCOMES
We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of interventions to reduce complications of moderate to severe head injury as defined by Glasgow Coma Scale? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library and other important databases up to April 2007 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
RESULTS
We found 17 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria.
CONCLUSIONS
In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: antibiotics, anticonvulsants, corticosteroids, hyperventilation, hypothermia, and mannitol.
Topics: Acute Disease; Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries; Craniocerebral Trauma; Glasgow Coma Scale; Humans; Hyperventilation; Injury Severity Score; Intracranial Hypertension; Mannitol; Phenytoin
PubMed: 19450357
DOI: No ID Found