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Yonsei Medical Journal Dec 2008Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is a rare tumor of vascular origin. While it can be found in any tissue, it is most often found in lung and liver and usually has... (Review)
Review
Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is a rare tumor of vascular origin. While it can be found in any tissue, it is most often found in lung and liver and usually has an intermediate behavior. EHEs originating from pleural tissue have been less frequently described than those from other sites. Furthermore, to date, all of the cited pleural EHEs were described as highly aggressive. In the present report, we describe a rare case of pleural EHE extending to lung and bone in a 31-year-old woman. The histological diagnosis was confirmed by both conventional examination and immunohistochemistry. Her disease stabilized during the 4th course of adriamycin (45 mg/m(2), day 1-3), dacarbazine (300 mg/m(2), day 1-3) and ifosfamide (2,500 mg/m(2), day 1-3) with mesna, and she survived for 10 months after the diagnosis.
Topics: Adult; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Diagnosis, Differential; Factor VIII; Female; Hemangioendothelioma, Epithelioid; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Lung Neoplasms; Pleural Neoplasms; Vimentin
PubMed: 19108030
DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2008.49.6.1036 -
The Journal of International Advanced... Apr 2018MESNA (Sodium-2-mercaptoethanesulfonate) is a mucolytic substance that is used for chemically assisted tissue dissection in various surgical operations. The aim of this... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
MESNA (Sodium-2-mercaptoethanesulfonate) is a mucolytic substance that is used for chemically assisted tissue dissection in various surgical operations. The aim of this study was to address the issue of possible neurotoxicity from topical administration of MESNA solution on the facial nerve. We used different concentrations of MESNA solution and evaluated their effects on facial nerve by histopathological and functional analysis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
These groups were the saline administered group (control) (3 rats, 6 facial nerves), the 25% MESNA solution group (3 rats, 6 facial nerves), and the 100% MESNA solution group (3 rats, 6 facial nerves). Under general anesthesia (ketamine 150 mg/kg, xylocaine 4 mg/kg), the bilateral facial nerves of rats were dissected. The saline, 25% MESNA, and 100% MESNA solutions. Facial nerve functions of the rats were evaluated using mustachewhisker and blink reflex scores at day 20 days. On day 20, the rats were sacrificed and the buccal and marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerve were removed. The specimens were examined in terms of inflammation, granulation tissue, and foreign body reaction formation around the nerve. The functional and histopathological changes on facial nerves were compared between groups.
RESULTS
Mustache and blink reflex scores of the rats were 5 (normal) in both the control and study groups. There were no statistically significant differences between the three groups in terms of facial nerve functions (p=1.00). On histopathologic examination, the 25% and 100% MESNA groups had significantly more inflammation compared with the control group (p=0.038 and p=0.007, respectively). There were no statistically significant differences between the 25% and 100% MESNA groups in term of inflammation (p > 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between the three groups in terms of foreign body reaction formation (p > 0.05).
CONCLUSION
Topical administration of MESNA solution onto the facial nerve causes increased inflammation in both the 25% and 100% concentrations. Nevertheless, it does not cause any facial nerve dysfunction.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Animal Experimentation; Animals; Facial Nerve; Inflammation; Mesna; Protective Agents; Rats; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 29092802
DOI: 10.5152/iao.2017.3593 -
BJU International Nov 2013• To review the published data on predisposing risk factors for cancer treatment-induced haemorrhagic cystitis (HC) and the evidence for the different preventive and... (Review)
Review
• To review the published data on predisposing risk factors for cancer treatment-induced haemorrhagic cystitis (HC) and the evidence for the different preventive and therapeutic measures that have been used in order to help clinicians optimally define and manage this potentially serious condition. • Despite recognition that HC can be a significant complication of cancer treatment, there is currently a lack of UK-led guidelines available on how it should optimally be defined and managed. • A systematic literature review was undertaken to evaluate the evidence for preventative measures and treatment options in the management of cancer treatment-induced HC. • There is a wide range of reported incidence due to several factors including variability in study design and quality, the type of causal agent, the grading of bleeding, and discrepancies in definition criteria. • The most frequently reported causal factors are radiotherapy to the pelvic area, where HC has been reported in up to 20% of patients, and treatment with cyclophosphamide and bacillus Calmette-Guérin, where the incidence has been reported as up to 30%. • Mesna (2-mercaptoethane sodium sulphonate), hyperhydration and bladder irrigation have been the most frequently used prophylactic measures to prevent treatment-related cystitis, but are not always effective. • Cranberry juice is widely cited as a preventative measure and sodium pentosanpolysulphate as a treatment, although the evidence for both is very limited. • The best evidence exists for intravesical hyaluronic acid as an effective preventative and active treatment, and for hyperbaric oxygen as an equally effective treatment option. • The lack of robust data and variability in treatment strategies used highlights the need for further research, as well as best practice guidance and consensus on the management of HC.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Cystitis; Hemorrhage; Humans; Incidence; Neoplasms; Radiotherapy
PubMed: 24000900
DOI: 10.1111/bju.12291 -
Viruses Aug 2022Flavivirus infections, such as those caused by dengue and West Nile viruses, emerge as new challenges for the global healthcare sector. It has been found that these two...
Flavivirus infections, such as those caused by dengue and West Nile viruses, emerge as new challenges for the global healthcare sector. It has been found that these two viruses encode ion channels collectively termed viroporins. Therefore, drug molecules that block such ion-channel activity can serve as potential antiviral agents and may play a primary role in therapeutic purposes. We screened 2839 FDA-approved drugs and compounds in advanced experimental phases using three bacteria-based channel assays to identify such ion channel blockers. We primarily followed a negative genetic screen in which the channel is harmful to the bacteria due to excessive membrane permeabilization that can be relieved by a blocker. Subsequently, we cross-checked the outcome with a positive genetic screen and a pH-dependent assay. The following drugs exhibited potential blocker activities: plerixafor, streptomycin, tranexamic acid, CI-1040, glecaprevir, kasugamycin, and mesna were effective against dengue virus DP1. In contrast, idasanutlin, benzbromarone, 5-azacytidine, and plerixafor were effective against West Nile Virus MgM. These drugs can serve as future antiviral therapeutic agents following subsequent in vitro and in vivo efficacy studies.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Dengue; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization; Heterocyclic Compounds; Humans; Viroporin Proteins; West Nile Fever; West Nile virus
PubMed: 36016372
DOI: 10.3390/v14081750 -
Korean Journal of Pediatrics Dec 2014Hemorrhagic cystitis is a common stem cell transplantation-related complication. The incidence of early-onset hemorrhagic cystitis, which is related to the pretransplant... (Review)
Review
Hemorrhagic cystitis is a common stem cell transplantation-related complication. The incidence of early-onset hemorrhagic cystitis, which is related to the pretransplant conditioning regimen, has decreased with the concomitant use of mesna and hyperhydration. However, late-onset hemorrhagic cystitis, which is usually caused by the BK virus, continues to develop. Although the BK virus is the most common pathogenic microorganism of poststem cell transplantation late-onset hemorrhagic cystitis, pediatricians outside the hemato-oncology and nephrology specialties tend to be unfamiliar with hemorrhagic cystitis and the BK virus. Moreover, no standard guidelines for the early diagnosis and treatment of BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis after stem cell transplantation have been established. Here, we briefly introduce poststem cell transplantation BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis.
PubMed: 25653684
DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2014.57.12.514 -
Communications Biology Oct 2022Methanogens and anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME) are important players in the global carbon cycle. Methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR) is a key enzyme in methane...
Methanogens and anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME) are important players in the global carbon cycle. Methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR) is a key enzyme in methane metabolism, catalyzing the last step in methanogenesis and the first step in anaerobic methane oxidation. Divergent mcr and mcr-like genes have recently been identified in uncultured archaeal lineages. However, the assembly and biochemistry of MCRs from uncultured archaea remain largely unknown. Here we present an approach to study MCRs from uncultured archaea by heterologous expression in a methanogen, Methanococcus maripaludis. Promoter, operon structure, and temperature were important determinants for MCR production. Both recombinant methanococcal and ANME-2 MCR assembled with the host MCR forming hybrid complexes, whereas tested ANME-1 MCR and ethyl-coenzyme M reductase only formed homogenous complexes. Together with structural modeling, this suggests that ANME-2 and methanogen MCRs are structurally similar and their reaction directions are likely regulated by thermodynamics rather than intrinsic structural differences.
Topics: Archaea; Mesna; Oxidoreductases; Methane
PubMed: 36266535
DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04057-6 -
Cancer Control : Journal of the Moffitt... Jan 2008Cancer control by radiotherapy (RT) can be improved with concurrent chemotherapy. Outpatient strategies for sarcomas that combine chemotherapy and RT are possible since... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Cancer control by radiotherapy (RT) can be improved with concurrent chemotherapy. Outpatient strategies for sarcomas that combine chemotherapy and RT are possible since supportive care and RT techniques have improved.
METHODS
The current status of non-anthracycline chemotherapy in combination with radiation for high-risk sarcoma is reviewed.
RESULTS
Ifosfamide with mesna and newer activated ifosfamide agents (ZIO-201 and glufosfamide) have high potential to improve sarcoma cancer control. In Ewing's sarcoma and osteosarcoma, high-dose ifosfamide with mesna (2.8 g/m2/day of each x 5 days; mesna day 6) can be safely given to outpatients using continuous infusion. Reducing ifosfamide nephrotoxicity and central nervous system side effects are discussed. Other outpatient radiosensitization regimens include gemcitabine (600-1000 mg/m2/dose IV over 1 hour weekly x 2-3 doses), temozolomide (75 mg/m2/daily x 3-6 weeks), or temozolomide (100 mg/m2/dose daily x 5) + irinotecan (10 mg/m2/dose daily x 5 x 2 weeks). In osteosarcoma with osteoblastic metastases on bone scan, samarium (1 mCi/kg; day 3 of RT) and gemcitabine (600 mg/m2 IV over 1 hour day 9 of RT) is a radiosensitization strategy. Future drugs for radiosensitization include beta-D-glucose targeted activated ifosfamide (glufosfamide) and sapacitabine, an oral nucleoside with in vitro activity against solid tumors including sarcomas.
CONCLUSIONS
The potential to treat major causes of sarcoma treatment failure (local recurrence and distant metastases) with concurrent chemotherapy during radiation should be considered in high-grade sarcomas.
Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Outpatients; Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; Sarcoma
PubMed: 18094659
DOI: 10.1177/107327480801500105 -
Journal of Chromatography. B,... Jan 2022Sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (MESNA) is a thiol-containing compound that has proven to be effective in inactivating acrolein, the toxic metabolite of some...
Sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (MESNA) is a thiol-containing compound that has proven to be effective in inactivating acrolein, the toxic metabolite of some anti-cancer drugs (e.g., cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide). Also, it scavenges free radicals which cause numerous disorders by attacking biological molecules. Current methods available to analyze MESNA in biological matrices include colorimetry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet, fluorescence, or electrochemical detection. These methods have several limitations including low sensitivity, poor selectivity, a high degree of difficulty, and long analysis times. Hence, a rapid, simple, and sensitive HPLC tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method was developed and validated to quantify MESNA in rat plasma following IP administration. The analysis of MESNA was accomplished via plasma protein precipitation, centrifugation, supernatant evaporation, reconstitution, and HPLC-MS/MS analysis. The method showcases an outstanding limit of detection (20 nM), excellent linearity (R = 0.999, and percent residual accuracy >90%) and a wide linear range (0.05-200 μM). The method also produced good accuracy and precision (100 ± 10% and <10% relative standard deviation, respectively). The validated method was successfully used to analyze MESNA from treated animals and will allow easier development of MESNA for therapeutic purposes.
Topics: Animals; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Stability; Limit of Detection; Linear Models; Male; Mesna; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reproducibility of Results; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 34974317
DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.123088 -
Integrative Cancer Therapies Sep 2007Despite recent comprehensive review articles concluding that supplemental antioxidants do not undermine the effectiveness of cytotoxic therapies, the use of antioxidants... (Review)
Review
Despite recent comprehensive review articles concluding that supplemental antioxidants do not undermine the effectiveness of cytotoxic therapies, the use of antioxidants during cancer treatment remains controversial. Many oncologists take the position that antioxidants by their nature undermine the free radical mechanism of chemotherapy and radiotherapy and should therefore generally be avoided during treatment. For their part, many integrative practitioners believe that antioxidants taken during cancer treatment not only alleviate some of the adverse effects of that treatment but also enhance the efficacy of cancer therapy. Until recently, research attention has focused primarily on the interaction of antioxidants with chemotherapy; relatively little attention has been paid to the interaction of antioxidants with radiotherapy. This article reviews the clinical literature that has addressed whether antioxidants do in fact interfere with radiation therapy. Studies have variously investigated the use of alpha-tocopherol for the amelioration of radiation-induced mucositis; pentoxifylline and vitamin E to correct the adverse effects of radiotherapy; melatonin alongside radiotherapy in the treatment of brain cancer; retinol palmitate as a treatment for radiation-induced proctopathy; a combination of antioxidants (and other naturopathic treatments) and external beam radiation therapy as definitive treatment for prostate cancer; and the use of synthetic antioxidants, amifostine, dexrazoxane, and mesna as radioprotectants. With few exceptions, most of the studies draw positive conclusions about the interaction of antioxidants and radiotherapy. Although further studies are needed, the preponderance of evidence supports a provisional conclusion that dietary antioxidants do not conflict with the use of radiotherapy in the treatment of a wide variety of cancers and may significantly mitigate the adverse effects of that treatment.
Topics: Antioxidants; Combined Modality Therapy; Complementary Therapies; Humans; Neoplasms; Radiotherapy; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 17761641
DOI: 10.1177/1534735407305655 -
Postepy Higieny I Medycyny... Dec 2013Cyclophosphamide (CPA) and ifosfamide (IFO) belong to oxazaphosphorine drugs and for a few decades have been widely used for treatment of solid tumours and... (Review)
Review
Cyclophosphamide (CPA) and ifosfamide (IFO) belong to oxazaphosphorine drugs and for a few decades have been widely used for treatment of solid tumours and haematological malignancies. Both drugs are administered in pharmacologically inactive form and require metabolic activation by cytochrome P-450 (CYP). Metabolic transformations taking place under the action of specific CYP isoenzymes lead to the formation of therapeutically essential metabolites and some toxic compounds affecting quality of therapy. The first stage of these conversions is connected with hydroxylation reactions occurring on the C-4 carbon atom within a ring and C-1 atoms of 2-chloroethyl chains. As a result of C-4 hydroxylation 4-hydroxy derivatives (4-OH-CPA and 4-OH-IFO) are formed and remain in tautomeric equilibrium with aldo compounds which in cancer cells spontaneously release cytotoxic phosphoramide mustards and urotoxic acrolein. At the same time hydroxychloroethyl compounds formed during hydroxylation of side-chains are unstable and collapse with the release of inter alia nephro- and neurotoxic chloroacetaldehyde (CAA). Due to formation of toxic metabolites it is essential to use some preventive agents such as mesna and recently examined agmatine. Since CPA and IFO are widely used anticancer drugs, their efficacy is limited not only by their toxicity but also due to occurring resistance. This resistance seems to be a result of changes of expression and activity of enzymes such as CYP and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and increase of intracellular levels of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). At present a few methods of overcoming this resistance are being examined including the use of metabolism modulators, antisense oligonucleotides selectively inhibiting gene expression, and introducing genes of some CYP isoenzymes to a cancer tissue.
Topics: Acetaldehyde; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Biotransformation; Cyclophosphamide; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Glutathione; Glutathione Transferase; Humans; Hydroxylation; Ifosfamide; Neoplasms
PubMed: 24379264
DOI: 10.5604/17322693.1079389