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Modern Pathology : An Official Journal... Dec 2019Uterine yolk sac tumors have gained increased recognition in recent years. The current study is a multi-faceted examination of yolk sac tumor-like phenotypes in...
Uterine yolk sac tumors have gained increased recognition in recent years. The current study is a multi-faceted examination of yolk sac tumor-like phenotypes in endometrial tumors, based on an analysis of 3 groups of uterine tumors: Group 1: 9 endometrial tumors that had been classified as yolk sac tumor, or as having a yolk sac tumor component, were assessed with a 35-marker immunohistochemical panel, with the goal of defining their immunophenotypic spectrum; Group 2, comprised of 70 endometrial carcinomas of various histotypes, were analyzed for their expression of SALL4, Glypican-3, and AFP, to assess the specificity of these markers for yolk sac tumors relative to endometrial carcinomas; Group 3, comprised of 626 archived cases of endometrial carcinoma/carcinosarcoma, reviewed to define the frequency of yolk sac tumor-like morphology therein. Yolk sac tumor areas in the Group 1 cases were consistently immunoreactive for SALL4 and Glypican-3; variably positive for AFP (89%), Villin (89%), PLAP (78%), 34βE12 (67%), CAM 5.2 (62.5%), EMA (56%), CD117 (50%), p16 (50%), CDX2 (44%), p53 (44% aberrant), MOC31 (37.5%), CK7 (33%), GATA3 (33%), CK5 (25%), and PAX8 (11%); and were negative for CD30, Napsin A, OCT4, estrogen, androgen, and progesterone receptors. 29 (41%) of the 70 group-2 cases expressed at least one of the 3 markers, and 96% of the positive cases was a high-grade histotype. Glypican-3, SALL4, and AFP were positive in 30, 20, and 2.8% of group-2 cases respectively; however, co-expression of any 2, or all 3 markers was uncommon (<9 and 1.4% of cases respectively). Potential yolk sac tumor-like morphology was identified in 5 (0.8%) of 626 group-3 cases, and three were ultimately deemed to be true yolk sac tumor phenotypes based on their morphologic and immunophenotypic similarity to the group 1 cases. These findings highlight the broad immunophenotypic spectrum of uterine yolk sac tumors, the potential pitfalls associated with using immunophenotypes alone to define yolk sac tumor differentiation in endometrial carcinoma, and the utility and limitations of morphologic assessment to identify yolk sac tumors at this site.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Endodermal Sinus Tumor; Endometrial Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry
PubMed: 31375771
DOI: 10.1038/s41379-019-0341-6 -
Modern Pathology : An Official Journal... Jun 2016Although the function of zinc finger and BTB domain containing 16 (ZBTB16) in spermatogenesis is well documented, expression of ZBTB16 in germ cell tumors has not yet... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Although the function of zinc finger and BTB domain containing 16 (ZBTB16) in spermatogenesis is well documented, expression of ZBTB16 in germ cell tumors has not yet been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression and diagnostic utility of ZBTB16 in germ cell tumors. A total of 67 adult germ cell tumors were studied (62 testicular germ cell tumors, 2 ovarian yolk sac tumors, 1 mediastinal yolk sac tumor, and 2 retroperitoneal metastatic yolk sac tumors). The 62 testicular primary germ cell tumors are as follows: 34 pure germ cell tumors (20 seminomas, 8 embryonal carcinomas, 2 teratomas, 1 choriocarcinoma, 1 carcinoid, and 2 spermatocytic tumors) and 28 mixed germ cell tumors (composed of 13 embryonal carcinomas, 15 yolk sac tumors, 15 teratomas, 7 seminomas, and 3 choriocarcinomas in various combinations). Thirty-five cases contained germ cell neoplasia in situ. Yolk sac tumor was consistently reactive for ZBTB16. Among the 15 testicular yolk sac tumors in mixed germ cell tumors, all displayed moderate to diffuse ZBTB16 staining. ZBTB16 reactivity was present regardless of the histologic patterns of yolk sac tumor and ZBTB16 was able to pick up small foci of yolk sac tumor intermixed/embedded in other germ cell tumor subtype elements. Diffuse ZBTB16 immunoreactivity was also observed in 2/2 metastatic yolk sac tumors, 1/1 mediastinal yolk sac tumor, 2/2 ovarian yolk sac tumors, 2/2 spermatocytic tumors, 1/1 carcinoid, and the spermatogonial cells. All the other non-yolk sac germ cell tumors were nonreactive, including seminoma (n=27), embryonal carcinoma (n=21), teratoma (n=17), choriocarcinoma (n=4), and germ cell neoplasia in situ (n=35). The sensitivity and specificity of ZBTB16 in detecting yolk sac tumor among the germ cell tumors was 100% (20/20) and 96% (66/69), respectively. In conclusion, ZBTB16 is a highly sensitive and specific marker for yolk sac tumor.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Endodermal Sinus Tumor; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mediastinal Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal; Ovarian Neoplasms; Predictive Value of Tests; Promyelocytic Leukemia Zinc Finger Protein; Reproducibility of Results; Retroperitoneal Neoplasms; Testicular Neoplasms
PubMed: 26916077
DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.46 -
Journal of Clinical Pathology Nov 1996A case of pancreatoblastoma arising in a five year old girl was analysed using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. The tumour was composed of tubular... (Review)
Review
A case of pancreatoblastoma arising in a five year old girl was analysed using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. The tumour was composed of tubular gland-like structures, squamoid components and some small round cells surrounding tubular structures. The cytoplasm of the small round cells and a few of the squamoid cells was positive on staining with Grimelius argyrophil stain. Immunohistochemically, tumour tissue was positive for neurone specific enolase. The cytoplasm of some of the small round cells was positive for insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatin polypeptide, thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and neurotensin. These results suggest that this tumour arose from primitive multipotential stem cells, showing exocrine and neuroendocrine differentiation.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Endodermal Sinus Tumor; Female; Humans; Pancreatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 8944621
DOI: 10.1136/jcp.49.11.952 -
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer... 2015Testicular tumors constitute a rare type of cancer affecting adolescents and young adults with recent reports confirming an increase in incidence worldwide. The purpose...
BACKGROUND
Testicular tumors constitute a rare type of cancer affecting adolescents and young adults with recent reports confirming an increase in incidence worldwide. The purpose of this study was to estimate the epidemiological characteristics and histological subtypes of testicular tumors in the Lebanese population according to the WHO classification of testicular and paratesticular tumors.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this single institutional retrospective study, all patients diagnosed with a testicular tumor in Hotel-Dieu de France Hospital University in Beirut between 1992 and 2014 were enrolled. The age, subtype based on the 2004 WHO classification and body side of tumor were analyzed.
RESULTS
A total of two hundred and forty-four (244) patients diagnosed with a testicular tumor in our institution were included in the study. Two hundred and one patients (82.4% of all testicular tumors) had germ cell tumors (TGCT). Among TGCT, 50% were seminomatous tumors, 48% non-seminomatous tumors (NST) and 2% were spermatocytic seminomas. The NST were further divided into mixed germ cell tumors (63.9%), embryonic carcinomas (18.6%), teratomas (15.4%) and yolk sac tumors (2.1%). The mean age for testicular tumors was 32 years. The mean age for germ cell tumors was 31 years and further subtypes such as seminomatous tumors had a mean age of 34 years, 28 years in non-seminomatous tumors and 56 years in spermatocytic seminoma. Patients with right testicular tumor were the predominant group with 55% of patients. Three patients (1.2%) presented with bilateral tumors.
CONCLUSIONS
The distribution of different subgroups and the mean age for testicular tumors proved comparable to most countries of the world except for some Asian countries. Germ cell tumors are the most common subtype of testicular tumors with seminomatous tumors being slightly more prevalent than non-seminomatous tumors in Lebanese patients.
Topics: Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Carcinoma, Embryonal; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Endodermal Sinus Tumor; Humans; Lebanon; Leydig Cell Tumor; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal; Retrospective Studies; Seminoma; Sex Cord-Gonadal Stromal Tumors; Teratoma; Testicular Neoplasms; Young Adult
PubMed: 25921159
DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.8.3443 -
Cancer Medicine Dec 2023Glypican-3 (GPC3) is highly expressed in testicular yolk sac tumor (TYST). GPC3 has been evaluated as a cancer vaccine for some types of tumors, but little is known on...
Administration of a glypican-3 peptide increases the infiltration and cytotoxicity of CD8 T cells against testicular yolk sac tumor, associated with enhancing the intratumoral cGAS/STING signaling.
BACKGROUND
Glypican-3 (GPC3) is highly expressed in testicular yolk sac tumor (TYST). GPC3 has been evaluated as a cancer vaccine for some types of tumors, but little is known on the effects of GPC3 peptide-based therapy on TYST. Here, we evaluated the antitumor effect of GPC3 on TYST and its potential mechanisms.
METHODS
GPC3 -specific CD8 T cells were induced by vaccine immunization and examined by ELISPOT. The CD8 T cells were purified for testing their cytotoxicity in vitro against TYST cells by CCK-8 and TUNEL assays and in vivo against tumor growth. The influence of GPC3 loading and/or cGAS silencing on the tumor growth, apoptosis and cGAS/STING signaling was tested by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and Western blot.
RESULTS
Vaccination with GPC3 induced tumor-specific CD8 T cells that secreted high levels of IFN-γ and granzyme B, and had potent cytotoxicity against TYST in a dose-dependent manner. Adoptive transfer of CD8 T cells and treatment with GPC3 significantly inhibited the growth of TYST tumors, but less effective for cGAS-silenced TYST tumors in vivo. Treatment with GPC3 enhanced the infiltration of CD8 T cells into the tumor environment and their cytotoxicity against TYST tumors in vivo by up-regulating granzyme B and IFN-β expression, but down-regulating GPC3 expression in the tumors. Co-culture of CD8 T cells with TYST in the presence of exogenous GPC3 enhanced peptide-specific CD8 T-cell cytotoxicity in vitro, accompanied by enhancing cGAS, γH2AX, TBK1, and IRF3 phosphorylation in TYST cells, but less effective in cGAS-silenced TYST cells.
CONCLUSIONS
These data indicated that GPC3 peptide-specific CD8 T cells had potent antitumor activity against TYST tumor, particularly for combined treatment with the peptide, which was partially dependent on the intratumoral cGAS/STNG signaling. GPC3 peptide vaccine may be valuable for the combination treatment of TYST.
Topics: Male; Humans; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Granzymes; Endodermal Sinus Tumor; Glypicans; Peptides; Testicular Neoplasms; Nucleotidyltransferases
PubMed: 37986544
DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6605 -
Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi. the... Sep 1996A forty four-year-old house-wife presented with gross hematuria and difficulty on urination of a year and 3 months duration. Transvaginal examination showed a hen... (Review)
Review
A forty four-year-old house-wife presented with gross hematuria and difficulty on urination of a year and 3 months duration. Transvaginal examination showed a hen egg-sized soft mass on the anterior vaginal wall. Urine cytology revealed many clusters of malignant cells suggestive of adenocarcinoma. Cystourethrography revealed two urethral diverticula, whose orifices were cystoscopically located at the proximal and distal side of urethral sphincter, respectively. By vaginal digital pressing, a soy-bean sized papillary tumor came out of the proximal diverticulum. Histopathological examination of the biopsied tumor suggested poorly differentiated transitional cell carcinoma with inverted growth. Under the diagnosis of carcinoma arising in the urethral diverticulum, anterior pelvic exenteration with formation of Indiana pouch was carried out. The tumor in the proximal diverticulum was histologically composed of a variety of adenocarcinomatous pattern, such as tubular, papillary and cystic structure with a distinctive pattern of tubules lined by a superficial layer of hobnail cells, leading to the diagnosis of mesonephric adenocarcinoma of urethral diverticulum. Postoperative radiation therapy was given because the diverticulum was adherent to the pubic bone, though lymph node metastasis was negative. She has been well with no evidence of the disease for 1 year and 4 months after the operation. Although the histogenesis of female urethral mesonephric adenocarcinoma was still controversial, this case seems to be the forty fourth case in the world literature.
Topics: Adult; Diverticulum; Female; Humans; Mesonephroma; Urethral Diseases; Urethral Neoplasms
PubMed: 8914398
DOI: 10.5980/jpnjurol1989.87.1138 -
International Journal of Clinical and... 2014Malignant mesonephric mixed tumor (MMMT), or mesonephric carcinosarcoma, is a rare tumor with malignant epithelial and mesenchymal components, and is found mostly in the... (Review)
Review
Malignant mesonephric mixed tumor (MMMT), or mesonephric carcinosarcoma, is a rare tumor with malignant epithelial and mesenchymal components, and is found mostly in the uterine cervix. While diagnosed at the early stage in most cases, MMMT can have an aggressive course. The clinical significance of the presence of sarcomatous components remains unsettled. We report a case of MMMT of the uterine cervix in a patient who presented with tumor rupture, instead of the common presentation, vaginal bleeding. This unusual presentation has not been reported in the literature. It implies that MMMT may progress rapidly without any prodrome and pose a surgical emergency. Unlike most cervical adenocarcinomas, both mesonephric adenocarcinoma and MMMT are not related to human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Because mesonephric neoplasms have a different etiology, their prevention, screening, and treatment should be further investigated. Thirteen cases of MMMT reported in the literature are also reviewed.
Topics: Carcinosarcoma; Comorbidity; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Mesonephroma; Middle Aged; Rupture; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 24696739
DOI: No ID Found -
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth Jul 2023Endodermal sinus tumor (EST) is a malignant tumor originating from the ovary or testis. In most case, ultrasound examination shows ovarian mass. But there is a special... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Endodermal sinus tumor (EST) is a malignant tumor originating from the ovary or testis. In most case, ultrasound examination shows ovarian mass. But there is a special kind of extra-gonadal endodermal sinus tumor, which occur in organs other than gonads with insidious onset. Here we reported a case of endodermal sinus tumor, which originated from the sacral ligament presenting as an acute lower abdominal pain.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 14-year-old girl was admitted to the hospital because of acute lower abdominal pain. The ultrasound showed a mass with 72 mm × 64 mm × 50 mm in Douglas, and there was no abnormality in bilateral ovaries and fallopian tubes. Laparoscopic exploration showed a large amount of blood clots in the pelvic cavity. After removal of the blood, we found rotten fish-like tissue in the left sacral ligament, rapid pathology suggested endodermal sinus tumor. After the operation, we retrospectively examined the value of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), which was found to be elevated, and post-operative paraffin pathology confirmed the diagnosis. After four cycles of BEP chemotherapy, exploratory laparotomy was performed to remove the visible lesion, but postoperative pathology showed no abnormality. At the one-year follow-up, the patient remained recurrence-free.
CONCLUSION
Extra-gonadal germ cell tumors are rarely reported. When young teenagers complain of acute lower abdominal pain with elevated AFP, but there was no lesion in bilateral ovaries and fallopian tubes, we must think about the possibility of endodermal sinus tumors. Accurate diagnosis facilitates complete resection of lesions and improves patient's outcomes.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Endodermal Sinus Tumor; alpha-Fetoproteins; Retrospective Studies; Abdominal Pain; Ligaments
PubMed: 37474890
DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05849-2 -
Diagnostic Pathology Mar 2015Malignant germ cell tumours are the most common malignant tumours in young men. They are histologically divided into seminomas and non-seminomas. Non-seminomas are...
BACKGROUND
Malignant germ cell tumours are the most common malignant tumours in young men. They are histologically divided into seminomas and non-seminomas. Non-seminomas are further subdivided into embryonic carcinomas, yolk sac tumours, chorionic carcinomas, and teratomas. For the therapeutic management it is essential to differentiate between these histological subtypes.
METHODS
Investigated cases included normal testis (n = 50), intratubular germ cell neoplasia (n = 25), seminomas (n = 67), embryonic carcinomas (n = 56), yolk sac tumours (n = 29), chorionic carcinomas (n = 2), teratomas (n = 7) and four metastases of YST's for their CK19 expression. In addition Leydig cell- (n = 10) and Sertoli cell- tumours (n = 4) were included in this study.
RESULTS
All investigated seminomas, embryonic carcinomas as well as normal testis and intratubular germ cell neoplasias did not express CK19. In contrast, all investigated yolk sac tumours strongly expressed CK19 protein. These findings became also evident in mixed germ cell tumours consisting of embryonic carcinomas and yolk sac tumours, although CK19-expression could also be observed in analysed chorionic carcinomas and epithelial components of teratomas.
CONCLUSION
CK19 proved to be a sensitive marker to identify yolk sac tumours of the testis and to distinguish them from other germ cell tumours, especially seminomas and embryonic carcinomas.
VIRTUAL SLIDES
The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/4075546891400979.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Diagnosis, Differential; Endodermal Sinus Tumor; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratin-19; Male; Orchiectomy; Testicular Neoplasms
PubMed: 25889715
DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0243-y -
Japanese Journal of Cancer Research :... Jun 1991Xenograft acceptance, growth and spontaneous metastasis of ectopically transplanted human germinal tumors were compared among scid mice, athymic nude mice and F2 hybrids...
Xenograft acceptance, growth and spontaneous metastasis of ectopically transplanted human germinal tumors were compared among scid mice, athymic nude mice and F2 hybrids constructed from scid and nude mice, in relation to the impairments of T and B cell functions in these mice. In scid mice which are deficient in T and B cell functions, human yolk sac tumor (YST-2) that originated from the ovary grew to enormous sizes in 100% of the animals after both subcutaneous and intraperitoneal transplantation, while only half (59.1% and 51.9%) of the subcutaneous and none of the intraperitoneal transplants were accepted in usual athymic nude mice (BALB/c-nu/nu and CD1-nu/nu). The YST-2 grew rapidly in scid mice, developing 3 to 10 times larger tumors compared to nude-streaker (AKR/J-nustr/nustr) and usual nude mice, respectively. Furthermore, ectopically transplanted tumors spontaneously metastasized to distant organs (mostly to the lung) in scid mice (but less frequently in leaky scid mice), while metastases have never been found in nude mice. Although a xenograft of human classic (typical or pure) seminoma of the testis has never been established in nude mice, it grows slowly in one-third (36.4%) of scid mice and very rapidly in all of scid-nustr (scid/scid; nustr/nustr) double mutant mice. Spontaneous metastases of xenografted seminomas were also observed in distant organs (lymph node, lung, liver, spleen, and kidney). The metastastic distribution of the two human germinal tumors in scid and scid-nustr mice mimics that found in human. These results (xenograft acceptance, growth of transplanted tumors and degree of metastatic spread) were compatible with the level of T and B cell impairments indicated by FACS analysis, as well as mitogen responses, serum IgG and morphological features of the thymus.
Topics: Animals; B-Lymphocytes; Cell Division; Crosses, Genetic; Dysgerminoma; Female; Genotype; Humans; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Male; Mesonephroma; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Mice, Mutant Strains; Mice, Nude; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Transplantation; T-Lymphocytes; Testicular Neoplasms; Transplantation, Heterologous; Uterine Neoplasms
PubMed: 1906856
DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1991.tb01906.x