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British Medical Journal Jan 1963
Topics: Hypnotics and Sedatives; Methaqualone
PubMed: 13994166
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5325.258 -
Canadian Medical Association Journal Sep 1979The term addictive as used by the popular press frequently confuses the more precise concepts of acute and chronic tolerance, physical dependence and withdrawal, and...
The term addictive as used by the popular press frequently confuses the more precise concepts of acute and chronic tolerance, physical dependence and withdrawal, and psychologic dependence. Serious physical dependence on psychoactive drugs is rare and is easily managed. In contrast, psychologic dependence, the most important reason for persistent drug use, is much more common and is difficult to treat. Some tactics are available - for example, confrontation and discussion with the patient about how a drug is not going to be effective over long periods. Treating the symptom of a complex problem should, of course, not be expected to solve the problem. The most important tactic is to prescribe dependence-associated drugs only when clearly indicated, when the problem is responsive to drug therapy and for the shortest period necessary, without the option for renewing the prescription. Many problems related to drug use long after the period of expected benefit is past can be avoided by far more restrictive drug prescribing. Barbiturates and nonbarbiturate sedative hypnotics (e.g., ethchlorvynol, glutethimide, meprobamate, methaqualone and methyprylon) should not be prescribed for insomnia, acute reactive anxiety, chronic anxiety neurosis or depressive illnesses, since the safer and equally effective benzodiazepines, which are less associated with dependence, are available.
Topics: Amphetamines; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Barbiturates; Benzodiazepines; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 42479
DOI: No ID Found -
British Journal of Anaesthesia Oct 1969
Clinical Trial
Topics: Adult; Blood Pressure; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diphenhydramine; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Methaqualone; Preanesthetic Medication; Vomiting
PubMed: 4899768
DOI: 10.1093/bja/41.10.877 -
South African Medical Journal =... Apr 2022In South Africa (SA), adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) aged 15 - 24 years account for nearly 25% of all new HIV infections in the country. The intersection of...
BACKGROUND
In South Africa (SA), adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) aged 15 - 24 years account for nearly 25% of all new HIV infections in the country. The intersection of substance use and sexual risk continues to drive the HIV epidemic among AGYW. For example, methaqualone, also known as Mandrax, has sedative effects that may affect women's ability to negotiate condom use during sex, refuse sex without a condom, or consent to sex, thereby increasing their risk for HIV. Consequently, it is critical to understand how Mandrax use affects HIV risk among AGYW and to assess awareness of and willingness to use biomedical HIV prevention methods, such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), among AGYW who use Mandrax.
OBJECTIVES
To examine the role of Mandrax use in sexual behaviours and investigate the extent to which AGYW who use Mandrax are aware of and willing to initiate PrEP.
METHODS
Data for this report were derived from baseline and 6-month follow-up data provided by 500 AGYW participating in a cluster-randomised trial assessing the efficacy of a young woman-focused intervention to reduce substance use and HIV risk. AGYW who self-identified as black African or coloured, reported using substances, reported condomless sex in the past 3 months, and had discontinued school early were recruited from 24 community clusters across Cape Town, SA. Following consent/assent, participants provided biological specimens to test for recent drug use (including Mandrax) and completed the self-report questionnaire.
RESULTS
Logistic regression analysis revealed that the AGYW who had a positive test result for Mandrax use were less likely to use a condom with their main partner (p=0.01), and almost three times more likely to use alcohol and/or other drugs before or during their last act of sexual intercourse (p<0.001), compared with the AGYW who had a negative Mandrax test result. Mandrax use was not significantly related to PrEP awareness (p>0.10) or willingness to use PrEP (p>0.10), but 70% of AGYW who used Mandrax were willing to initiate PrEP.
CONCLUSION
The study findings highlight how Mandrax use may contribute to HIV risk among SA AGYW. Key decision-makers should consider incorporating substance use prevention efforts into existing HIV reduction programmes and equip youth-friendly clinics with the resources to identify AGYW who use Mandrax and offer them PrEP.
Topics: Adolescent; Anti-HIV Agents; Diphenhydramine; Drug Combinations; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Methaqualone; Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis; Sexual Behavior; South Africa; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 35587247
DOI: No ID Found -
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric... Apr 2021To determine the prevalence of substance use disorders (SUDs) in patients with schizophrenia in a sample from South Africa and compare the clinical and demographic...
PURPOSE
To determine the prevalence of substance use disorders (SUDs) in patients with schizophrenia in a sample from South Africa and compare the clinical and demographic correlates in those with and without co-occurring SUDs.
METHODS
Patients with schizophrenia were interviewed using the Xhosa version SCID-I for DSM-IV. We used logistic regression to determine the predictors of SUDs.
RESULTS
In the total sample of 1420 participants, SUDs occurred in 47.8%, with the most prevalent SUD being cannabis use disorders (39.6%), followed by alcohol (20.5%), methaqualone (6.2%), methamphetamine (4.8%) and other SUDs (cocaine, ecstasy, opioids, 0.6%). Polydrug use occurred in 40%, abuse occurred in 13.5%, and 39.6% had at least one substance dependence diagnosis. Significant predictors of any SUD were younger age (41-55 vs. 21-30: OR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.5-0.9), male sex (OR = 8.6, 95% CI = 5.1-14.6), inpatient status (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.3-2.1), post-traumatic stress symptoms (OR = 4.6, 95% CI = 1.6-13.3), legal (OR = 3.4, 95% CI = 2.0-5.5) and economic problems (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.0-2.0). Methamphetamine use disorders occurred significantly less often in the Eastern compared to the Western Cape provinces. Inpatient status and higher levels of prior admissions were significantly associated with cannabis and methamphetamine use disorders. Post-traumatic stress symptoms were significantly associated with alcohol use disorders. Anxiety disorders were associated with other SUDs.
CONCLUSION
SUDs occurred in almost half of the sample. It is important for clinicians to identify the presence of SUDs as their presence is associated with characteristics, such as male sex, younger age, inpatient status, more prior hospitalisations, legal and economic problems, PTSD symptoms and anxiety.
Topics: Alcoholism; Comorbidity; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Schizophrenia; South Africa; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 32797244
DOI: 10.1007/s00127-020-01942-5 -
Canadian Medical Association Journal Oct 1973In a prospective study of 349 patients with acute poisoning treated at The Montreal General Hospital in 1972 benzodiazepines and non-barbiturate hypnotics were found to...
In a prospective study of 349 patients with acute poisoning treated at The Montreal General Hospital in 1972 benzodiazepines and non-barbiturate hypnotics were found to be the most frequent putative drugs. Of the 108 patients admitted to hospital 37% had taken an overdose of a drug prescribed for them by their psychiatrist or other physician; 48% had formerly taken an overdose of drugs and 44% had had previous psychiatric treatment. Unconsciousness, respiratory depression, metabolic acidosis and acidemia, and hypokalemia were the most frequent clinical abnormalities observed. Treatment was supportive. There were six deaths. The average duration of coma was short; only five surviving patients remained unconscious for more than 24 hours. Respiratory complications were frequent.It is recommended that more attention be paid to recognizing patients whose behaviour pattern might include such an impulsive gesture, and that alternatives be found for barbiturate and non-barbiturate hypnotics.
Topics: Adult; Amphetamine; Antidepressive Agents; Cocaine; Diazepam; Diphenhydramine; Diuresis; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Gastric Lavage; Heroin; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Male; Mental Disorders; Methaqualone; Poisoning; Prospective Studies; Quebec; Resuscitation; Substance-Related Disorders; Suicide; Unconsciousness; Water-Electrolyte Balance
PubMed: 4742490
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal Oct 1973Abuse of drugs "for kicks" is becoming more common in Great Britain. This article reviews 252 consecutive cases of drug abuse admitted to the Regional Poisoning...
Abuse of drugs "for kicks" is becoming more common in Great Britain. This article reviews 252 consecutive cases of drug abuse admitted to the Regional Poisoning Treatment Centre, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, during 1971 and 1972. Of the 189 patients (146 males and 43 females; mean age 20 years) 72% of admissions occurred between 6 p.m. and 8 a.m., and Saturday was the most common day for admissions. The commonest source of referral was via the police or ambulance service. Barbiturates were the drugs most often abused, followed by LSD (lysergide) and Mandrax (methaqualone and diphenhydramine). Sixty-five per cent. of patients had previously abused drugs. Medical care was required in 45% of the admissions. Sixty per cent. were in social class 4 or 5 and psychiatric and social support was required in only a small minority of patients.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Ambulances; Barbiturates; Diphenhydramine; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Mental Disorders; Methaqualone; Personality Disorders; Poison Control Centers; Referral and Consultation; Sex Factors; Social Class; Social Control, Formal; Substance-Related Disorders; Time Factors
PubMed: 4752308
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.4.5885.136 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... May 2010To assist with patient diagnosis and management, physicians from pain services, drug treatment programs, and the emergency department frequently request that urine be...
CONTEXT
To assist with patient diagnosis and management, physicians from pain services, drug treatment programs, and the emergency department frequently request that urine be tested for drugs of abuse. However, urine immunoassays for drugs of abuse have limitations.
OBJECTIVE
To use data from the College of American Pathologists Proficiency Testing Surveys to determine and summarize the characteristics, performance, and limitations of urine immunoassays for drugs of abuse.
DESIGN
Six years of urine drug testing proficiency surveys were reviewed.
RESULTS
Lysergic acid diethylamide and methaqualone are infrequently prescribed or abused and, therefore, testing may be unnecessary. However, implementation of more specific testing for methylenedioxymethamphetamine and oxycodone may be warranted. Each drug of abuse immunoassay exhibits a different cross-reactivity profile. Depending on the cross-reactivity profile, patients with clinically insignificant concentrations of drugs may have false-positive results, and patients with clinically significant concentrations of drugs may have false-negative results.
CONCLUSIONS
Laboratory directors should be aware of the characteristics of their laboratories' assays and should communicate these characteristics to physicians so that qualitative results can be interpreted more accurately. Furthermore, manufacturer's claims should be interpreted with caution and should be verified in each organization's patient population, if possible.
Topics: Data Collection; Humans; Immunoassay; Laboratories; N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; Oxycodone; Substance Abuse Detection
PubMed: 20441504
DOI: 10.5858/134.5.735 -
British Medical Journal May 1976
Topics: 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids; 17-Ketosteroids; Diphenhydramine; Humans; Methaqualone
PubMed: 1268559
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.6017.1072 -
British Medical Journal Jul 1967
Topics: Humans; Male; Methaqualone; Middle Aged; Paraldehyde; Phenobarbital; Promazine; Psychoses, Alcoholic; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders; Thioridazine; Tranquilizing Agents
PubMed: 6028264
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.3.5557.92