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Food Chemistry Mar 2022Currently, the ability to produce several kinds of water-soluble red natural colorants makes the genus Talaromyces particularly important to the dye industry, which can...
Currently, the ability to produce several kinds of water-soluble red natural colorants makes the genus Talaromyces particularly important to the dye industry, which can be an alternative to the use of harmful synthetic colorants. In this study, colored compounds produced by Talaromyces amestolkiae were extracted, characterized chemically and the color stability of the fermented broth without any extraction procedure was further evaluated over pH variation. Five azaphilones compounds were detected by Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry system, all being complexes of the fatty acid amino-hexanedioic acid and azaphilone Monascus colorants. The color of the fermented broth was stable at a wide range of pH (3-9). Furthermore, T. amestolkiae colorants precipitated through hydrolysis of key chemical groups at extremely acidic (pH 1) and lose red color in extremely basic (pH 13) medium, showing negative halochromism. Nevertheless, these findings enhance the industrial relevance of azaphilone colorants produced by biotechnological process.
Topics: Benzopyrans; Monascus; Pigments, Biological; Talaromyces
PubMed: 34619523
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131214 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022-fermented red mold rice (RMR) has excellent physiological efficacy on lipid metabolism and liver function. This study investigated the ameliorative effects of...
-fermented red mold rice (RMR) has excellent physiological efficacy on lipid metabolism and liver function. This study investigated the ameliorative effects of monascuspiloin (MP) from RMR on alcoholic liver injury in mice, and further clarified its mechanism of action. Results showed that MP intervention obviously ameliorated lipid metabolism and liver function in mice with over-drinking. In addition, dietary MP intervention reduced liver MDA levels and increased liver CAT, SOD, and GSH levels, thus alleviating liver oxidative stress induced by excessive drinking. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing showed that MP intervention was beneficial to ameliorate intestinal microbiota dysbiosis by elevating the proportion of norank_f_, , , , , etc., but decreasing the proportion of , norank_f_, _UCG-001, , norank_f_, unclassified_f_, etc. Additionally, correlation network analysis indicated that the key intestinal bacterial taxa intervened by MP were closely related to some biochemical parameters of lipid metabolism, liver function, and oxidative stress. Moreover, liver metabolomics analysis revealed that dietary MP supplementation significantly regulated the levels of 75 metabolites in the liver, which were involved in the synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, taurine, and hypotaurine metabolism, and other metabolic pathways. Furthermore, dietary MP intervention regulated gene transcription and protein expression associated with hepatic lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. In short, these findings suggest that MP mitigates alcohol-induced liver injury by regulating the intestinal microbiome and liver metabolic pathway, and thus can serve as a functional component to prevent liver disease.
PubMed: 36230124
DOI: 10.3390/foods11193048 -
Journal of Toxicologic Pathology Oct 2018In research to develop healthy foods or preventive medicines from edible and medicinal herbs in Okinawa, we focused on the antioxidant activities of those bioresources.... (Review)
Review
In research to develop healthy foods or preventive medicines from edible and medicinal herbs in Okinawa, we focused on the antioxidant activities of those bioresources. We first confirmed that the herbal antioxidant activities of such herbs increased upon ultraviolet irradiation treatment. This observation explains the high antioxidant activity of Okinawan vegetables, which grow under exposure to stronger ultraviolet light compared with those in other prefectures in Japan. Antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, cancer preventive, and cardioprotective actions were clarified using herbal extracts, and quercetin, chlorogenic acid, and gallic acid derivatives were isolated as antioxidant components from the herbs. Dimerumic acid was also isolated from the mold . All these antioxidants showed strong radical scavenging activities and beneficial effects in animal models. However, the concentrations of these compounds used seemed to be too low to have a physiologically important antioxidant effect based on their radical scavenging activities . Therefore, I performed a literature survey of antioxidant activities Accumulating evidence has emerged that antioxidant phytochemicals show not only radical scavenging activities but also pleiotropic actions . The multitargeted, beneficial effects of antioxidant phytochemicals can be rationally explained using the xenohormesis concept, in which phytochemicals are the products of plant evolutionary adaptation to stress in plants, and their ability to induce a stress-adaptive response has been evolutionarily conserved in animals.
PubMed: 30393428
DOI: 10.1293/tox.2018-0041 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2023To reduce the production cost of pigments (MPs), the utilization of rice bran (RB), an agricultural waste product, as a substrate in submerged fermentation was...
To reduce the production cost of pigments (MPs), the utilization of rice bran (RB), an agricultural waste product, as a substrate in submerged fermentation was conducted in this study. To improve MP production, different nutritional ingredients including mannitol (Man), NHNO (AN), ZnSO (Zn), and optimization (Opti), which was a synthesis of the three above ones, were added in rice bran (RB) medium. The yields of MPs, pigment constituents, and growth and development of M9 were investigated in this study. Man had the maximum color value of 3,532 U/g, which was 18.69 times more than that of RB and reached up to 76.65% of the value of rice (Rice) fermentation. Man significantly increased the production of two orange pigments, monascorubrin and rubropunctatin, of which the yields were 69.49 and 95.36% of the counterpart of Rice. The biomass and colony diameter of Opti presented the maximum value among different groups. AN and RB induced more asexual spore formation, whereas Opti and Man promoted sexual spore production. Comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that different nutritional ingredients led to changes in pigment production, promoting the growth and development of M9 through the regulation of related gene expression. Man and Opti improved MP production by regulating the primary metabolism, including the Embden-Meyerhof pathway (EMP), the pentose phosphate (PP) pathway, the tricarboxylic (TCA) cycle, fatty acid degradation (FAD), fatty acid biosynthesis (FAB), amino acid metabolism (AAM), and fructose and mannose metabolism (FMM), to provide the precursors (acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA) for MP biosynthesis. This study presents a low-cost method for increasing MP production and explains the molecular mechanisms of different nutritional ingredients for enhancing MP biosynthesis.
PubMed: 38156009
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1300461 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2022In this study, the gene -5162 from LQ-6, identified as chitin synthase gene VI (6), was knocked out to disrupt the chitin biosynthetic pathway and regulate the...
In this study, the gene -5162 from LQ-6, identified as chitin synthase gene VI (6), was knocked out to disrupt the chitin biosynthetic pathway and regulate the biosynthesis of pigments (MPs) and citrinin. The results showed that the aerial hyphae on a solid medium were short and sparse after the deletion of 6 in LQ-6, significantly reducing the germination percentage of active spores to approximately 22%, but the colony diameter was almost unaffected. Additionally, the deletion of 6 changed the mycelial morphology of LQ-6 during submerged fermentation and increased its sensitivity to environmental factors. MP and citrinin biosynthesis was dramatically inhibited in the recombinant strain. Furthermore, comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that the pathways related to spore development and growth, including the MAPK signaling pathway, chitin biosynthetic pathway, and regulatory factors A and A genes, were significantly downregulated in the early phase of fermentation. The mRNA expression levels of genes in the cluster of secondary metabolites were significantly downregulated, especially those related to citrinin biosynthesis. This is the first detailed study to reveal that 6 plays a vital role in regulating the cell growth and secondary metabolism of the genus.
PubMed: 36135635
DOI: 10.3390/jof8090910 -
Food Science and Biotechnology 2016glutinous rice wine (produced mainly in Fujian province, China) is a traditional alcoholic beverage, which is prepared by fermenting cooked rice using a starter... (Review)
Review
glutinous rice wine (produced mainly in Fujian province, China) is a traditional alcoholic beverage, which is prepared by fermenting cooked rice using a starter containing . In this review, the microbial diversity of fermentation starters from Fujian province, including fungi, bacteria, and yeast, is analyzed in comparison with those of "" (a traditional starter for making alcoholic beverages in Korea). The bacterial organization of Hong Qu starters was vastly variable in species composition and dominated by sp. Lactic acid bacteria were also found in some starters. In case of fungi, sp. was dominant, whereas non- yeast such as was detected. The microorganisms found in the starter are, in general, not significantly diverse compared with those found in the starter, with the exception of sp.; however, and both contain their own unique microbiota, which are quite diverse from each other.
PubMed: 30263319
DOI: 10.1007/s10068-016-0115-6 -
Toxins Jul 2021Citrinin (CIT) is secondary metabolite of filamentous molds. This mycotoxin has nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, embryocidal, and fetotoxic properties. It is also produced by...
Citrinin (CIT) is secondary metabolite of filamentous molds. This mycotoxin has nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, embryocidal, and fetotoxic properties. It is also produced by several species of the three genera spp., spp., and spp., which are used to make red yeast rice (RYR). The material for this study consisted of 15 dietary supplements containing an extract of fermented red rice, available on the Polish market. Samples were extracted using a MeOH-HO mixture, cleaned-up with an immunoaffinity CitriTest HPLC column, and quantified by HPLC-FLD. None of the analyzed samples contained CIT above the established limit of detection (LOD). Studies on the presence of toxic metabolites in red yeast rice show the importance of regulating this product and of clear information on the label regarding the standardized amounts of monacolin.
Topics: Biological Products; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Citrinin; Dietary Supplements; Fermentation; Limit of Detection; Lovastatin; Monascus; Oryza; Reference Standards
PubMed: 34357969
DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070497 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022"Green-covering" (TQ), as one of , is a special fermentative starter (also known as in Chinese) that originated in southern China and is characterized by a layer of...
"Green-covering" (TQ), as one of , is a special fermentative starter (also known as in Chinese) that originated in southern China and is characterized by a layer of green mold covering () the surface and (sometimes) with a red heart. It plays a vital role in producing light-aroma-type (LATB). However, to date, the microbiota that causes red heart of TQ remain largely unexplored, and it is still unclear how these microbiota influence on the quality of LATB. In this study, two types of TQ, one with a red heart (RH) and another with a non-red heart (NRH), were investigated by high throughput sequencing (HTS) and directional screening of culture-dependent methods. The obtained results revealed the differences in the microbial communities of different TQ and led to the isolation of two species of . Interestingly, the results of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) detection showed that citrinin was not detected, indicating that isolated from TQ was no safety risk, and the contents of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the fermented grains of RH were higher than that of NRH during the fermentation. Selecting the superior autochthonous (M1) isolated from the TQ to reinoculate into the TQ-making process, established a stable method for producing the experimental "red heart" (ERH), which confirmed that the cause of "red heart" was the growth of strains. After the lab-scale production test, ERH increased ethyl ester production and reduced higher alcohols production. In addition, had an inhibitory effect on the growth of and . This study provides the safe, health-beneficial, and superior fermentation strains and strategies for improving the quality of TQ and LATB.
PubMed: 36060768
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.973616 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022During potato chips manufacturing, large amounts of wastewater and potato powder wastes are produced. The wastewater obtained at washing after cutting the peeled...
During potato chips manufacturing, large amounts of wastewater and potato powder wastes are produced. The wastewater obtained at washing after cutting the peeled potatoes into slices was analyzed, and a large quantity of organic compounds and minerals such as starch (1.69%), protein (1.5%), total carbohydrate (4.94%), reducing sugar (0.01%), ash (0.14%), crude fat (0.11%), Ca (28 mg/L), Mg (245 mg/L), Fe (45.5 mg/L), and Zn (6.5 mg/L) were recorded; these wastes could be considered as valuable by-products if used as a fermentation medium to increase the value of the subsequent products and to exceed the cost of reprocessing. In this study, we used wastewater and potato powder wastes as a growth medium for pigment and biomass production by (Went NRRL 1992). The response surface methodology was used to optimize total pigment and fungal biomass production. The influence of potato powder waste concentration, fermentation period, and peptone concentration on total pigment and biomass production was investigated using the Box-Behnken design method with 3-factors and 3-levels. The optimal production parameters were potato powder waste concentration of 7.81%, fermentation period of 12.82 days, and peptone concentration of 2.87%, which produced a maximum total pigment of 29.86 AU/ml that include, respectively, a maximum biomass weight of 0.126 g/ml and the yield of pigment of 236.98 AU/g biomass. The pigments produced were used as coloring agents for ice lolly. This study has revealed that the ice lolly preparations supplemented with these pigments received high acceptability. Finally, we recommend using wastewater and potato powder wastes for pigment and biomass production, which could reduce the cost of the pigment production process on an industrial scale in the future.
PubMed: 35722342
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.862080 -
Microorganisms Jan 2020species have been used for the production of many industrially and medically important metabolites, most of which are polyketides produced by the action of polyketide...
species have been used for the production of many industrially and medically important metabolites, most of which are polyketides produced by the action of polyketide synthases that use acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA as precursors, and some of them are derived from acetate. In this study the effects of acetic acid, and two kinds of acetates, sodium acetate and ammonium acetate at different concentrations (0.1%, 0.25% and 0.5%) on the morphologies, biomasses, and six major pigments (MPs) of M7 were investigated when M7 strain was cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 28 °C for 4, 8, 12 days. The results showed that all of the added acetate species significantly affected eight above-mentioned parameters. In regard to morphologies, generally the colonies transformed from a big orange fleecy ones to a small compact reddish ones, or a tightly-packed orange ones without dispersed mycelia with the increase of additives concentration. About the biomass, addition of ammonium acetate at 0.1% increased the biomass of M. ruber M7. With respect to six MPs, all acetate species can enhance pigment production, and ammonium acetate has the most significant impacts. Production of monascin and ankaflavin had the highest increase of 11.7-fold and 14.2-fold in extracellular contents at the 8th day when 0.1% ammonium acetate was supplemented into PDA. Intracellular rubropunctatin and monascorubrin contents gained 9.6 and 6.46-fold at the 8th day, when 0.1% ammonium acetate was added into PDA. And the extracellular contents of rubropunctamine and monascorubramine were raised by 1865 and 4100-fold at the 4th day when M7 grew on PDA with 0.5% ammonium acetate.
PubMed: 31936171
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010081