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Medecine Et Sante Tropicales Feb 2017This article reviews the different types of poxvirus infections. Smallpox, although eradicated, must continue to be monitored because of the potential risk of accidental... (Review)
Review
This article reviews the different types of poxvirus infections. Smallpox, although eradicated, must continue to be monitored because of the potential risk of accidental or voluntary (by bioterrorism) reintroduction. Monkeypox and cowpox viruses are considered to be emergent today ; their high risk of dissemination is due to the increase in international transport as well as trends for new animals as pets and the loss of vaccinal protection against smallpox. Molluscum contagiosum (molluscipoxvirus) causes mild infections, is particularly frequent in children ; in adults it is a marker of the risk of sexually transmitted infections and can, in cases with profuse lesions, reveal AIDS.
Topics: Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Poxviridae Infections
PubMed: 28406414
DOI: 10.1684/mst.2017.0653 -
Cell Sep 2022Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, we now face another public health emergency in the form of monkeypox virus. As of August 1, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention...
Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, we now face another public health emergency in the form of monkeypox virus. As of August 1, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report over 23,000 cases in 80 countries. An inclusive and global collaborative effort to understand the biology, evolution, and spread of the virus as well as commitment to vaccine equity will be critical toward containing this outbreak. We share the voices of leading experts in this space on what they see as the most pressing questions and directions for the community.
Topics: COVID-19; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus; Pandemics
PubMed: 35998628
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.08.002 -
La Revue de Medecine Interne Nov 2022
Topics: Humans; Monkeypox virus; Mpox (monkeypox)
PubMed: 36333007
DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2022.10.383 -
International Dental Journal Oct 2022Monkeypox (MPX) caused by the MPX virus, is a contagious disease confined mainly to African regions, and is currently making multiple appearances outside of... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Monkeypox (MPX) caused by the MPX virus, is a contagious disease confined mainly to African regions, and is currently making multiple appearances outside of disease-endemic countries. World Health Organization (WHO) very recently declared the current monkeypox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. We review here the salient features of MPX and its possible impact on dentistry.
METHODS
The data on the aetiology, transmission modes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management, including the risk of its occupational transmission in dental settings, were garnered from the current literature, mainly from the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention databases.
RESULTS
Over recent months, MPX has reemerged in more than 88 countries in Europe, North America, and Australia, with some 22000 case reports to date (as of July 2022). The initial signs of MPX appear during the prodromal period, in the oral cavity as single or multiple macular lesions on the oral mucosa, accompanied by generalised lymphadenopathy. Subsequently, the characteristic rash appears on the skin and spreads centripetally from the trunk towards the palms and soles. MPX is a self-limiting disease with very low mortality and may last from 2 to 4 weeks. Although MPX is similar to chickenpox, there are a number of differentiating signs, the main element being lymphadenopathy. Strict adherence to standard, contact, and droplet infection control precautions, including wearing N95 masks, FFP3 respirators, fluid-resistant attire, and eye protection, is necessary to prevent its spread.
CONCLUSIONS
MPX appears to be a significant travel-related disease. Dental care workers should note that premonitory signs of the disease usually appear on the oral mucosa as macules and ulcers prior to the characteristic skin lesions. Implementing standard, contact, and droplet infection control measures, patient isolation, and referral are important, particularly during a local outbreak. A vaccine specific for MPX is under development, although the smallpox vaccine appears to be effective.
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Lymphadenopathy; Mpox (monkeypox); Smallpox Vaccine; Travel; Travel-Related Illness; United States
PubMed: 35934521
DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2022.07.006 -
Viruses Jul 2023An enveloped double-stranded DNA monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a causative agent of the zoonotic viral disease, human monkeypox (HMPX). MPXV belongs to the genus... (Review)
Review
An enveloped double-stranded DNA monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a causative agent of the zoonotic viral disease, human monkeypox (HMPX). MPXV belongs to the genus Orthopoxviridae, a family of notorious smallpox viruses, and so it shares similar clinical pathophysiological features. The recent multicountry HMPX outbreak (May 2022 onwards) is recognized as an emerging global public health emergency by the World Health Organization, shunting its endemic status as opined over the past few decades. Re-emergence of HMPX raises concern to reassess the present clinical strategy and therapeutics as its outbreak evolves further. Keeping a check on these developments, here we provide insights into the HMPX epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical representation. Weighing on its early prevention, we reviewed the strategies that are being enrolled for HMPX diagnosis. In the line of expanded MPXV prevalence, we further reviewed its clinical management and the diverse employed preventive/therapeutic strategies, including vaccines (JYNNEOS, ACAM2000, VIGIV) and antiviral drugs/inhibitors (Tecovirimat, Cidofovir, Brincidofovir). Taken together, with a revised perspective of HMPX re-emergence, the present report summarizes new knowledge on its prevalence, pathology, and prevention strategies.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus; Disease Outbreaks; Zoonoses
PubMed: 37515218
DOI: 10.3390/v15071533 -
Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Sep 2023"Zoonoses" describe diseases that may be acquired by humans from animals. Due to the constant contact between humans and other animals, many infectious diseases are... (Review)
Review
"Zoonoses" describe diseases that may be acquired by humans from animals. Due to the constant contact between humans and other animals, many infectious diseases are disseminated. This may happen via direct contact, such as bites or scratches, or by indirect contact, such as when eating bush meat or using contaminated animal parts. Monkeypox disease is one such zoonotic infection which is now emerging as a disease of global concern, and the World Health Organization has already labelled it a public health emergency. The virus is related to other orthopox viruses and may be further classified into two genetically separate clades, the West African and the Central African. The latter is far more pathogenic than the former. Utilizing virotransducer and virostealth proteins, the virus is able to control the host's T-cell-mediated responses and impede the release of cytokines and chemokines.Monkeypox may be treated with tecovirimat, cidofovir, or brincidofovir, and prevention with the vaccination JYNNEOS is recommended. The disease's fast global expansion warrants concern despite the fact that it is less fatal than that caused by the variola virus. Before the sickness reaches catastrophic proportions, we must draw on our prior experiences and act prudently. This article serves as an introduction to the monkeypox virus and its associated pathology, treatments, diagnostics, and preventative measures.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Benzamides; Cidofovir; Cytokines; Smallpox Vaccine
PubMed: 36626099
DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04657-0 -
Journal of the American Academy of... Nov 2022The current monkeypox outbreak reawakens the concern that poxviridae have a high potential for zoonotic spillover and causing a pandemic. Much fieldwork and research... (Review)
Review
The current monkeypox outbreak reawakens the concern that poxviridae have a high potential for zoonotic spillover and causing a pandemic. Much fieldwork and research have been done by health care and public health workers in Africa during previous human outbreaks, and their knowledge should inform our global response to the current outbreak. However, unusual clinical presentations now have potential implications for recognizing the disease. In addition, infections from poxviridae, such as monkeypox, have common cutaneous signs that occur early, may be related to periods of transmissibility, and can leave scarring. Therefore, dermatologists will play a key role in recognizing and diagnosing infections and educating and preparing frontline health care workers for the early detection of new cases and clusters of monkeypox.
Topics: Africa; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus; Public Health
PubMed: 35817333
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2022.07.007 -
Archives of Virology Aug 2023Mpox (formerly monkeypox) is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), which, like smallpox, is characterised by skin rashes. While the world is currently... (Review)
Review
Mpox (formerly monkeypox) is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), which, like smallpox, is characterised by skin rashes. While the world is currently grappling with the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, the appearance of MPXV has presented a global threat and raised concerns worldwide. Since May 2022, MPXV has spread rapidly in non-endemic mpox areas. As of 27 June 2023, the virus has spread to more than 112 countries and regions, with over 88,060 laboratory-confirmed cases and 147 deaths. Thus, measures to control the mpox epidemic are urgently needed. As the principal methods for identifying and monitoring mpox, laboratory detection techniques play an important role in mpox diagnosis. This review summarises the currently-used laboratory techniques for MPXV detection, discusses progress in improving these methods, and compares the benefits and limitations of various diagnostic detection methods. Currently, nucleic acid amplification tests, such as the polymerase chain reaction, are the most commonly used. Immunological methods have also been applied to diagnose the disease, which can help us discover new features of MPXV, improve diagnostic accuracy, track epidemic trends, and guide future prevention and control strategies, which are also vital for controlling mpox epidemics. This review provides a resource for the scientific community and should stimulate more research and development in alternative diagnostics to be applied to this and future public health crises.
Topics: Animals; COVID-19; Mpox (monkeypox); Pandemics; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Zoonoses
PubMed: 37543543
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05848-w -
The American Journal of Emergency... Nov 2022Monkeypox is an emerging viral disease that has been declared a global health emergency. While this disease has been present for over 50 years, the recent surge in cases... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Monkeypox is an emerging viral disease that has been declared a global health emergency. While this disease has been present for over 50 years, the recent surge in cases and expanding knowledge of this has prompted a need for a focused review for practicing clinicians.
OBJECTIVE
This narrative review provides a focused overview of the epidemiology, presentation, evaluation, and management of monkeypox for emergency clinicians.
DISCUSSION
Monkeypox is an orthopoxvirus endemic to central and western Africa. An outbreak in May and June 2022 across Asia, Europe, North America, and South America was declared a global health emergency in July 2022. The disease can be transmitted via contact with an infected animal or human, as well as contact with a contaminated material. The disease presents with a prodromal flu-like illness and lymphadenopathy. A rash spreading in a centrifugal manner involving the oral mucosa, face, palms, and soles is typical. Lesions progress along various stages. Complications such as bacterial skin infection, pneumonitis, ocular conditions, and encephalitis are uncommon. Confirmation typically includes polymerase chain reaction testing. The majority of patients improve with symptomatic therapy, and as of July 2022, there are no United States Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments specifically for monkeypox. However, antiviral treatment should be considered for several patient populations at risk for severe outcomes.
CONCLUSION
An understanding of the presentation, evaluation, and management of monkeypox is essential for emergency clinicians to ensure appropriate diagnosis and treatment of this emerging disease.
Topics: Humans; United States; Animals; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus; Exanthema; Antiviral Agents; Emergency Medicine
PubMed: 36030595
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.08.026 -
Topics in Antiviral Medicine Oct 2022The 2022 outbreak of monkeypox virus infection has expanded far beyond regions in which the disease was previously endemic. Monkeypox has a wide range of manifestations,...
The 2022 outbreak of monkeypox virus infection has expanded far beyond regions in which the disease was previously endemic. Monkeypox has a wide range of manifestations, some of which are unique to this outbreak. Novel clinical presentations, testing limitations, and a lack of available treatments have contributed to delays in recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of monkeypox. As health care workers and governments fight this rare viral infection, which may become a routine diagnosis, early recognition of potential signs and symptoms along with appropriate testing is essential to prevent continuing spread and potential endemicity.
Topics: Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); HIV Infections; Monkeypox virus; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 36375131
DOI: No ID Found