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Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health Sep 2022The global spread of human monkeypox disease, a zoonotic infection related to smallpox and endemic to West and Central Africa, presents serious challenges for health... (Review)
Review
The global spread of human monkeypox disease, a zoonotic infection related to smallpox and endemic to West and Central Africa, presents serious challenges for health systems. As of July 2022, 14 533 cases have been reported world-wide, leading to designation as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Monkeypox disease is spread from animals to humans through infected lesions or fluids; human-human transmission occurs through fomites, droplets or direct contact. Illness is usually self-limiting, but severe disease can occur in specific groups - particularly children, and people who are immunocompromised or pregnant. Clinical presentation may include fever, lymphadenopathy and skin rash, but the rash may occur without other symptoms. Complications can include secondary bacterial infection of skin lesions, vision loss from corneal involvement, pneumonia, sepsis and encephalitis. Diagnosis of monkeypox requires consideration of epidemiological, clinical and laboratory findings, with sensitive history-taking, to elicit close contacts, critical. Supportive management is usually sufficient, but treatment options (where required) include antivirals and vaccinia immune globulin. A paucity of safety data for relevant antivirals may limit their use. There are two types of monkeypox vaccines: a replication-competent vaccinia vaccine, the use of which is logistically and clinically complex, and a replication-deficient modified vaccinia Ankara virus vaccine. Preparedness of health systems for addressing the current outbreak is constrained by historic underfunding for research, and compounded by stigma and discrimination against cases and affected communities. Key challenges in halting transmission include improving vaccine equity and countering discrimination against men who have sex with men to aid diagnosis and treatment.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Child; Female; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Mpox (monkeypox); Pediatricians; Pregnancy; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Smallpox Vaccine; Vaccinia
PubMed: 35979896
DOI: 10.1111/jpc.16171 -
Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi =...The guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of monkeypox (2022 edition) issued by National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China introduces the key...
The guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of monkeypox (2022 edition) issued by National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China introduces the key knowledge of the diagnosis and treatment of human monkeypox (HMPX) and does not systematically introduce the sampling methods and requirements of specimens for HMPX etiology testing and the discrepancy in diagnostic criteria between China and overseas. However, the doctors who are not engaged in dermatology lack understanding of the sampling methods and requirements of specimens for laboratory diagnosis of HMPX, and there are few relevant references available. This article collects the information on the diagnosis and treatment of HMPX, so as to provide a reference for learning, understanding, and application of this guideline.
Topics: China; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox)
PubMed: 36111711
DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2207088 -
Revista Clinica Espanola Oct 2022
Topics: Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus; Poxviridae
PubMed: 35750596
DOI: 10.1016/j.rceng.2022.05.001 -
European Urology Dec 2022
Topics: Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Urologists; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 36167597
DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2022.09.006 -
Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia :... Dec 2022Infection caused by Monkeypox Virus (MPVX) has small rodents as its natural reservoir and both monkeys and humans are occasional hosts. The causative agent is an... (Review)
Review
Infection caused by Monkeypox Virus (MPVX) has small rodents as its natural reservoir and both monkeys and humans are occasional hosts. The causative agent is an Orthopoxvirus (MPVX) that was isolated in monkeys in 1958 and proved capable of passing to humans in 1970. It remained contained in Africa, causing isolated episodes of infection, until 2003 when an outbreak occurred in the United States following importation of animals from that continent. Since then, anecdotal cases have continued to be reported outside Africa, usually very clearly linked to travelers to those countries, but in May 2022, a broad outbreak of this disease has begun, now affecting several continents, with the emergence of human cases of MPVX (H-MPVX) infection mainly among Men that have Sex with Men (MSM). The disease has an incubation time ranging from 5 to 15 days and is characterized by the presence of pustules, fever, malaise and headache. The presence of significant regional lymphadenopathy is a differential feature with episodes of classical smallpox. Proctitis and pharyngitis, with minimal skin lesions, may be another form of presentation. Diagnosis can be confirmed by PCR testing of lesions or by demonstration of MPVX in other body fluids or tissues, although in the appropriate epidemiologic setting the clinical picture is highly suggestive of the disease. Effective drug treatment has been developed as part of programs to protect against potential bioterrorist agents and smallpox vaccinees are known to have high protection against monkeypox. New vaccines are available, but neither the drugs nor the vaccines are yet freely available on the market. The prognosis of the disease appears, at least in adults in developed countries, to be good, with very low mortality figures and much less aggressive behavior than that described in classical smallpox. Isolation measures, essential for the control of the outbreak, have been published by the health authorities.
Topics: Male; Adult; Animals; Humans; United States; Mpox (monkeypox); Smallpox; Homosexuality, Male; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Monkeypox virus; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 35785957
DOI: 10.37201/req/059.2022 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2022Monkeypox infection is caused by a virus of the genus , a member of the family. Monkeypox virus is transmitted from individual to individual through contact with... (Review)
Review
Monkeypox infection is caused by a virus of the genus , a member of the family. Monkeypox virus is transmitted from individual to individual through contact with lesions, body fluids, and respiratory droplets. The infection caused by monkeypox is usually a self-limited disease with mild symptoms lasting 2 to 4 weeks. Monkeypox typically presents with fever, rash, and enlarged lymph nodes. New vaccines have recently been authorized for the prevention of monkeypox infection, whereas there are no specific pharmacological antiviral treatments for monkeypox infection. However, because the viruses which cause adult smallpox and monkeypox are similar, antiviral drugs developed in the past have also shown efficacy against monkeypox. In this review, we highlight the in vitro and clinical evidence found in the literature on the efficacy and safety of pharmacological agents with antiviral activity against monkeypox infection and the different regulatory aspects of countries.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Antiviral Agents; Monkeypox virus; Body Fluids
PubMed: 36555584
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415941 -
European Journal of Internal Medicine Oct 2022As of August 5, 2022, >26,000 cases of monkeypox have been diagnosed worldwide and the steep increase of cases has spurred renewed concern about the risk for another... (Review)
Review
As of August 5, 2022, >26,000 cases of monkeypox have been diagnosed worldwide and the steep increase of cases has spurred renewed concern about the risk for another viral pandemic. In this narrative review, we address etiology, epidemiology and virology of monkeypox, describing routes of transmission and modes of spread. We also describe the current clinical presentation of monkeypox, focusing on circumstances where the disease should be suspected, and the methods to diagnose it. Finally, we briefly describe available treatments and strategies for active immune prophylaxis.
Topics: Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus; Physicians
PubMed: 35999095
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2022.08.022 -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Nov 2022
Topics: Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Isoindoles; Benzamides
PubMed: 36442878
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.221210 -
The Science of the Total Environment Jan 2023Monkeypox disease (MPXD), a viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), is an emerging zoonotic disease endemic in some countries of Central and Western Africa... (Review)
Review
Monkeypox disease (MPXD), a viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), is an emerging zoonotic disease endemic in some countries of Central and Western Africa but seldom reported outside the affected region. Since May 2022, MPXD has been reported at least in 74 countries globally, prompting the World Health Organization to declare the MPXD outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. As of July 24, 2022; 92 % (68/74) of the countries with reported MPXD cases had no historical MPXD case reports. From the One Health perspective, the spread of MPXV in the environment poses a risk not only to humans but also to small mammals and may, ultimately, spread to potent novel host populations. Wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) has been extensively utilized to monitor communicable diseases, particularly during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. It helped in monitoring infectious disease caseloads as well as specific viral variants circulating in communities. The detection of MPXV DNA in lesion materials (e.g. skin, vesicle fluid, crusts), skin rashes, and various body fluids, including respiratory and nasal secretions, saliva, urine, feces, and semen of infected individuals, supports the possibility of using WBS as an early proxy for the detection of MPXV infections. WBS of MPXV DNA can be used to monitor MPXV activity/trends in sewerage network areas even before detecting laboratory-confirmed clinical cases within a community. However, several factors affect the detection of MPXV in wastewater including, but not limited to, routes and duration time of virus shedding by infected individuals, infection rates in the relevant affected population, environmental persistence, the processes and analytical sensitivity of the used methods. Further research is needed to identify the key factors that impact the detection of MPXV biomarkers in wastewater and improve the utility of WBS of MPXV as an early warning and monitoring tool for safeguarding human health. In this review, we shortly summarize aspects of the MPXV outbreak relevant to wastewater monitoring and discuss the challenges associated with WBS.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Wastewater; Pandemics; COVID-19; Monkeypox virus; DNA, Viral; Environmental Monitoring; Mammals
PubMed: 36202364
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159166 -
The Lancet. Infectious Diseases Jul 2022
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus
PubMed: 35752185
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00379-6