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Confirmed organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide poisonings in South African wildlife (2009-2014).Journal of the South African Veterinary... Dec 2015During a six-year period (from January 2009 to December 2014), specimens collected from 344 cases of suspected organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide poisonings in...
During a six-year period (from January 2009 to December 2014), specimens collected from 344 cases of suspected organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide poisonings in wildlife, including birds, were submitted to the Toxicology Laboratory (ARC-OVI) for analysis. A positive diagnosis was made in 135 (39%) of these cases. The majority of cases were from birds, which included Cape vultures (Gyps coprotheres) and African white-backed vultures (Gyps africanus) and bateleur eagles (Terathopius ecaudatus). In one incident 49 vultures were killed when a farmer intentionally laced carcasses with carbofuran in an attempt to control jackal predation. There were 22 incidents of poisoning in helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris). On nine different occasions blue cranes (Anthropoides paradiseus) were poisoned, in one incident 14 birds were reported to have been killed. Over the period of investigation, there were 20 cases of poisoning involving mammalian species, the majority being vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus). The carbamate pesticides were responsible for 57 incidents of poisoning. Aldicarb, carbofuran and methomyl were detected in 26, 18 and 12 cases respectively. The majority of organophosphorus pesticide poisonings were caused by diazinon (n = 19), monocrotophos (n = 13) and methamidophos (n = 10).
Topics: Aldicarb; Animals; Animals, Wild; Carbofuran; Chromatography, Gas; Environmental Pollutants; Mass Spectrometry; Methomyl; Pesticides; Poisoning; South Africa
PubMed: 26824339
DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v86i1.1329 -
Stem Cells and Development Jan 2013Inhibition mechanisms of protein kinase B (Pkb)/Akt and its consequences on related cell signaling were investigated in human umbilical cord blood stem cells (hUCBSCs)...
Inhibition mechanisms of protein kinase B (Pkb)/Akt and its consequences on related cell signaling were investigated in human umbilical cord blood stem cells (hUCBSCs) exposed to monocrotophos (MCP, an organophosphate pesticide). In silico data reveal that MCP interacts with kinase and c-terminal regulatory domains of Akt1, resulting into a total docking score of 5.2748 and also forms H-bond between its N-H and Thr-291 residue of Akt1, in addition to possessing several hydrophobic interactions. The main cause of Akt inhibition is considered to be the strong hydrogen bond between N-H and Thr-291, and hydrophobic interactions at Glu-234, and Asp-292 in the vicinity, which is usually occupied by the ribose of ATP, and interaction with residue Phe-161, thus leading to a significant conformational change in that particular portion of the protein. In silico data on Akt inhibition were confirmed by examining the downregulation of phosphorylated (Thr308/Ser493) Akt1 in MCP-exposed hUCBSCs. MCP-mediated altered levels of pAkt downstream targets viz., downregulated pGSK3β (Ser9), unchanged GSK3αβ, and upregulated levels of Bad, P(53), and caspase-9 further confirm the inhibition of pAkt. The cellular fate of such pAkt inhibition was confirmed by increased terminal deoxynucleotide transferase dUTP nick-end labeling positive cells, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, and the activation of various MAPKs, proapoptotic markers-Bax, and caspases-9/3. Our data demonstrate that Akt1 plays a key role in MCP-induced apoptosis in hUCBSCs. We also identified that such cellular responses of human cord blood stem cells against MCP were due to strong binding and inhibition of kinase and AGC-Kinase-C terminal regulatory domains of Akt1.
Topics: Apoptosis; Blotting, Western; Camptothecin; Caspase 3; Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Enzyme Activation; Fetal Blood; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Humans; Hydrogen Bonding; Molecular Docking Simulation; Monocrotophos; Oxidative Stress; Pesticides; Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Reactive Oxygen Species; Transcription, Genetic; Wnt Signaling Pathway; beta Catenin
PubMed: 22897592
DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0220 -
PloS One 2015Rapid resistance detection is necessary for the adaptive management of acaricide-resistant populations of Tetranychus urticae. Detection of phenotypic and genotypic...
Rapid resistance detection is necessary for the adaptive management of acaricide-resistant populations of Tetranychus urticae. Detection of phenotypic and genotypic resistance was conducted by employing residual contact vial bioassay (RCV) and quantitative sequencing (QS) methods, respectively. RCV was useful for detecting the acaricide resistance levels of T. urticae, particularly for on-site resistance detection; however, it was only applicable for rapid-acting acaricides (12 out of 19 tested acaricides). QS was effective for determining the frequencies of resistance alleles on a population basis, which corresponded to 12 nonsynonymous point mutations associated with target-site resistance to five types of acaricides [organophosphates (monocrotophos, pirimiphos-methyl, dimethoate and chlorpyrifos), pyrethroids (fenpropathrin and bifenthrin), abamectin, bifenazate and etoxazole]. Most field-collected mites exhibited high levels of multiple resistance, as determined by RCV and QS data, suggesting the seriousness of their current acaricide resistance status in rose cultivation areas in Korea. The correlation analyses revealed moderate to high levels of positive relationships between the resistance allele frequencies and the actual resistance levels in only five of the acaricides evaluated, which limits the general application of allele frequency as a direct indicator for estimating actual resistance levels. Nevertheless, the resistance allele frequency data alone allowed for the evaluation of the genetic resistance potential and background of test mite populations. The combined use of RCV and QS provides basic information on resistance levels, which is essential for choosing appropriate acaricides for the management of resistant T. urticae.
Topics: Acaricides; Animals; Drug Resistance; Genotype; Insecticides; Pest Control, Biological; Phenotype; Rosa; Tetranychidae
PubMed: 26545209
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139934 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology 2002To study biomineralization of Monocrotophos (MCP) and identify the metabolites formed during biodegradation.
AIMS
To study biomineralization of Monocrotophos (MCP) and identify the metabolites formed during biodegradation.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Two cultures, namely Arthrobacter atrocyaneus MCM B-425 and Bacillus megaterium MCM B-423, were isolated by enrichment and adaptation culture technique from soil exposed to MCP. The isolates were able to degrade MCP to the extent of 93% and 83%, respectively, from synthetic medium containing MCP at the concentration of 1000 mg x l(-1), within 8 d, under shake culture condition at 30 degrees C. The cultures degraded MCP to carbon dioxide, ammonia and phosphates through formation of one unknown compound--Metabolite I, valeric or acetic acid and methylamine, as intermediate metabolites. The enzymes phosphatase and esterase, reported to be involved in biodegradation of organophosphorus compounds, were detected in both the organisms.
CONCLUSIONS
Arthrobacter atrocyaneus MCM B-425 and B. megaterium MCM B-423 isolated from soil exposed to MCP were able to mineralize MCP to carbon dioxide, ammonia and phosphates.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
Pathway for biodegradation of MCP in plants and animals has been reported. A microbial metabolic pathway of degradation involving phosphatase and esterase enzymes has been proposed. The microbial cultures could be used for bioremediation of wastewater or soil contaminated with Monocrotophos.
Topics: Ammonia; Arthrobacter; Bacillus megaterium; Biodegradation, Environmental; Carbon Dioxide; Esterases; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Insecticides; Monocrotophos; Phosphates; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 12147070
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01680.x -
Basic & Clinical Pharmacology &... Feb 2005The aim of the study was to examine antidotal potency of trimedoxime in mice poisoned with three direct dimethoxy-substituted organophosphorus inhibitors. In order to... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The aim of the study was to examine antidotal potency of trimedoxime in mice poisoned with three direct dimethoxy-substituted organophosphorus inhibitors. In order to assess the protective efficacy of trimedoxime against dichlorvos, heptenophos or monocrotophos, median effective doses and efficacy half-times were calculated. Trimedoxime (24 mg/kg intravenously) was injected 5 min. before 1.3 LD50 intravenously of poisons. Activities of brain, diaphragmal and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase, as well as of plasma carboxylesterases were determined at different time intervals (10, 40 and 60 min.) after administration of the antidotes. Protective effect of trimedoxime decreased according to the following order: monocrotophos > heptenophos > dichlorvos. Administration of the oxime produced a significant reactivation of central and peripheral acetylcholinesterase inhibited with dichlorvos and heptenophos, with the exception of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase inhibited by heptenophos. Surprisingly, trimedoxime did not induce reactivation of monocrotophos-inhibited acetylcholinesterase in any of the tissues tested. These organophosphorus compounds produced a significant inhibition of plasma carboxylesterase activity, while administration of trimedoxime led to regeneration of the enzyme activity. The same dose of trimedoxime assured survival of experimental animals poisoned by all three organophosphorus compounds, although the biochemical findings were quite different.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Brain Chemistry; Carboxylesterase; Diaphragm; Dichlorvos; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Erythrocytes; Injections, Intravenous; Lethal Dose 50; Male; Mice; Monocrotophos; Organophosphate Poisoning; Organophosphorus Compounds; Oximes; Time Factors; Trimedoxime
PubMed: 15679473
DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2005.pto960204.x -
Tropical Medicine & International... Jun 2005Warangal district in Andhra Pradesh, southern India, records >1000 pesticide poisoning cases each year and hundreds of deaths. We aimed to describe their frequency and...
OBJECTIVE
Warangal district in Andhra Pradesh, southern India, records >1000 pesticide poisoning cases each year and hundreds of deaths. We aimed to describe their frequency and distribution, and to assess quality of management and subsequent outcomes from pesticide poisoning in one large hospital in the district.
METHODS
We reviewed data on all patients admitted with pesticide poisoning to a district government hospital for the years 1997 to 2002. For 2002, details of the particular pesticide ingested and management were abstracted from the medical files.
FINDINGS
During these 6 years, 8040 patients were admitted to the hospital with pesticide poisoning. The overall case fatality ratio was 22.6%. More detailed data from 2002 revealed that two-thirds of the patients were <30 years old, 57% were male and 96% had intentionally poisoned themselves. Two compounds, monocrotophos and endosulfan, accounted for the majority of deaths with known pesticides in 2002. Low fixed-dose regimens were used in the majority of cases for the most commonly used antidotes (atropine and pralidoxime). Inappropriate antidotes were also used in some patients.
CONCLUSIONS
It is likely that these findings reflect the situation in many rural hospitals of the Asia Pacific region. Even without an increase in resources, there appear to be significant opportunities for reducing mortality by better medical management and further restrictions on the most toxic pesticides.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Antidotes; Atropine; Child; Endosulfan; Female; Humans; India; Insecticides; Length of Stay; Male; Middle Aged; Monocrotophos; Pesticides; Poisoning; Pralidoxime Compounds; Sex Distribution; Time Factors
PubMed: 15941422
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01412.x -
Journal of Environmental Monitoring :... Feb 2009The development of new sorbents, which are able to trap polar compounds, is a growing research field in solid-phase extraction (SPE). In this study, multi-walled carbon... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The development of new sorbents, which are able to trap polar compounds, is a growing research field in solid-phase extraction (SPE). In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were oxidized in air at 600 degrees C and 500 degrees C, respectively, for 2 h. MWCNTs, SWCNTs, air oxidized MWCNTs (OMWCNTs) and SWCNTs (OSWCNTs) (200 mg of each) were packed in SPE cartridges. The four cartridges obtained, together with a commercial Oasis HLB cartridge, were used to extract six polar organophosphorous pesticides (OPPs), i.e., dichlorvos, methamidophos, acephate, omethoate, monocrotophos and dimethoate, from an aqueous sample. The results showed that the oxidation process significantly enhanced the adsorption abilities of both SWCNTs and MWCNTs for polar OPPs. A comparative study indicated that OSWCNTs were more effective than Oasis HLB for the extraction of methamidophos and acephate and as effective as Oasis HLB for the other four OPPs from aqueous samples. When 100 mL of a natural sample was spiked with OPPs and extracted with OSWCNTs, the recoveries of five of the six polar OPPs (methamidophos excepted) ranged from 79.1 to 101.9%. The detection limits of the method based on OSWCNTs was found to be 0.07-0.12 microg L(-1).
Topics: Adsorption; Nanotubes, Carbon; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Oxidation-Reduction; Pesticides; Seawater; Sensitivity and Specificity; Solid Phase Extraction; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 19212604
DOI: 10.1039/b816271a -
Scientific Reports May 2017Monocrotophos (MCP) is an organophosphorus pesticide that is median-toxic to fish. MCP pesticide resulted in an increase of 17 beta estradiol following a decrease in...
Monocrotophos (MCP) is an organophosphorus pesticide that is median-toxic to fish. MCP pesticide resulted in an increase of 17 beta estradiol following a decrease in testosterone in male goldfish (Carassius auratus). To fully understand the mechanism of MCP pesticide that causes the imbalance between male and female hormones, we determined the levels of plasma cholesterol, spermatic steroidogenic acute regulatory protein mRNA, steroidogenesis enzyme mRNA, plasma sex hormone synthesis intermediates, and effectual hormones in male goldfish exposed to MCP pesticide at nominal concentrations of 0.01, 0.10, and 1.00 mg/L for 21 days in a semi-static exposure system. The results indicated that MCP pesticide (a) led to decreased steroidogenic acute regulatory protein mRNA levels; (b) decreased mRNA levels of cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme and cytochrome P450 17 alpha hydroxylase, which are steroidogenesis enzymes involved in androgen synthesis; and (c) increased cytochrome P450 aromatase mRNA levels, a steroidogenesis enzyme involved in the synthesis of effectual estrogen. The present study provides evidence that MCP pesticide affects synthesis and conversion of sex steroids through multiple targets in male goldfish.
Topics: Animals; Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme; Estradiol; Female; Fish Proteins; Gene Expression; Goldfish; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Male; Monocrotophos; Pesticides; Phosphoproteins; Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase; Testis; Testosterone
PubMed: 28536437
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01935-6 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2021The sustainability of agroecosystems are maintained with agro-chemicals. However, after more than 80 years of intensive use, many pests and pathogens have developed...
The sustainability of agroecosystems are maintained with agro-chemicals. However, after more than 80 years of intensive use, many pests and pathogens have developed resistance to the currently used chemistries. Thus, we explored the isolation and bioactivity of a chemical compound, Precocene I, isolated from the perennial grass, (L.) Stapf. Fractions produced from chloroform extractions showed suppressive activity on larvae of (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the Oriental armyworm. Column chromatography analyses identified Precocene I confirmed using FTIR, HPLC and NMR techniques. The bioactivity of the plant-extracted Dp-Precocene I was compared to a commercially produced Precocene I standard. The percentage of mortality observed in insects fed on plant tissue treated with 60 ppm Db-Precocene I was 97, 87 and 81, respectively, for the second, third and fourth instar larvae. The LC value of third instars was 23.2 ppm. The percentages of survival, pupation, fecundity and egg hatch were altered at sub-lethal concentrations of Db-Precocene I (2, 4, 6 and 8 ppm, sprays on castor leaves). The observed effects were negatively correlated with concentration, with a decrease in effects as concentrations increased. Distinct changes in feeding activity and damage to gut tissues were observed upon histological examination of larvae after the ingestion of Db-Precocene I treatments. Comparative analyses of mortality on a non-target organism, the earthworm, , at equal concentrations of Precocene I and two chemical pesticides (cypermethrin and monocrotophos) produced mortality only with the chemical pesticide treatments. These results of Db-Precocene I as a highly active bioactive compound support further research to develop production from the grass as an affordable resource for Precocene-I-based insecticides.
Topics: Animals; Annelida; Benzopyrans; Insecticides; Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Poaceae; Spectrum Analysis; Spodoptera
PubMed: 34770794
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216384 -
PloS One 2014Our recent study showed that monocrotophos (MCP) pesticide disrupted the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis in male goldfish (Carassius auratus); however, the...
Monocrotophos pesticide decreases the plasma levels of total 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine and alters the expression of genes associated with the thyroidal axis in female goldfish (Carassius auratus).
Our recent study showed that monocrotophos (MCP) pesticide disrupted the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis in male goldfish (Carassius auratus); however, the effects of MCP on the thyroid system in female goldfish are remain unclear. In the present study, plasma thyroid hormone (TH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were evaluated in female goldfish exposed to 0.01, 0.10, and 1.00 mg/L of 40% MCP-based pesticide for 21 days in a semi-static exposure system. Expression profiles of HPT axis-responsive genes, including transthyretin (ttr), deiodinases (d1, d2, and d3), tshβ, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (trh), and corticotrophin-releasing hormone (crh), were determined. The results indicated that MCP decreased the plasma levels of total 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (TT3) and the ratio of TT3 to total 3,3',5,5'-l-thyroxine (TT4), and induced alternative expression of TH-related genes. Exposure to 0.01 and 0.10 mg/L MCP pesticide resulted in the up-regulation of ttr mRNA. The reduction of plasma TT3 levels was partly attributed to an increase in the metabolism of T3 in the liver, as revealed by the highly elevated hepatic d1 and d3 mRNA levels in the MCP treatment groups, and the expression of hepatic d3 showed a negative correlation with the plasma TT3/TT4 levels in females. Moreover, the plasma TSH levels were lower in females exposed to 0.01 and 0.10 mg/L MCP pesticide, whereas the up-regulation of tshβ mRNA levels was compensated by the decreased plasma TT3 levels. These results indicated that MCP had the potential to influence several pathways of HPT axis homeostasis in female goldfish.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; Female; Goldfish; Iodide Peroxidase; Kidney; Liver; Monocrotophos; Pesticides; Prealbumin; RNA, Messenger; Thyroid Gland; Thyroid Hormones; Thyrotropin; Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine
PubMed: 25268935
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108972