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Viruses Jul 2022Avian bornaviruses constitute a genetically diverse group of at least 15 viruses belonging to the genus within the family . After the discovery of the first avian... (Review)
Review
Avian bornaviruses constitute a genetically diverse group of at least 15 viruses belonging to the genus within the family . After the discovery of the first avian bornaviruses in diseased psittacines in 2008, further viruses have been detected in passerines and aquatic birds. Parrot bornaviruses (PaBVs) possess the highest veterinary relevance amongst the avian bornaviruses as the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). PDD is a chronic and often fatal disease that may engulf a broad range of clinical presentations, typically including neurologic signs as well as impaired gastrointestinal motility, leading to proventricular dilatation. It occurs worldwide in captive psittacine populations and threatens private bird collections, zoological gardens and rehabilitation projects of endangered species. In contrast, only little is known about the pathogenic roles of passerine and waterbird bornaviruses. This comprehensive review summarizes the current knowledge on avian bornavirus infections, including their taxonomy, pathogenesis of associated diseases, epidemiology, diagnostic strategies and recent developments on prophylactic and therapeutic countermeasures.
Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Bornaviridae; Mononegavirales Infections; Parrots
PubMed: 35891493
DOI: 10.3390/v14071513 -
Archives of Virology Dec 2022In March 2022, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was...
In March 2022, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by two new families (bunyaviral Discoviridae and Tulasviridae), 41 new genera, and 98 new species. Three hundred forty-nine species were renamed and/or moved. The accidentally misspelled names of seven species were corrected. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.
Topics: Humans; Mononegavirales; Phylogeny; Viruses
PubMed: 36437428
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05546-z -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Oct 2023Viruses in the family Filoviridae, including the commonly known Ebola (EBOV) and Marburg (MARV) viruses, can cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman... (Review)
Review
Viruses in the family Filoviridae, including the commonly known Ebola (EBOV) and Marburg (MARV) viruses, can cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. Sporadic outbreaks of filovirus disease occur in sub-Saharan Africa with reported case fatality rates ranging from 25% to 90%. The high mortality and increasing frequency and magnitude of recent outbreaks along with the increased potential for spread from rural to urban areas highlight the importance of pandemic preparedness for these viruses. Despite their designation as high-priority pathogens, numerous scientific gaps exist in critical areas. In this review, these gaps and an assessment of potential prototype pathogen candidates are presented for this important virus family.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Filoviridae; Ebolavirus; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Marburgvirus; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 37849404
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad362 -
Uirusu 2012The genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae contains many pathogens, which are important for medicine or veterinary medicine. Because each morbillivirus has... (Review)
Review
The genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae contains many pathogens, which are important for medicine or veterinary medicine. Because each morbillivirus has restricted host range and serologically monotypic, the virus infection and transmission is effectively controlled by vaccinations and surveillance. Rinderpest virus has been eradicated in 2011, and elimination of measles virus progresses worldwide. Recently, a new cell receptor for measles virus, nectin4 was identified. Both SLAM, a molecule expressing on immune cells, and nectin4, a molecule expressing on epithelial cells, are important to infectivity and pathogenicity of the virus.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Distemper; Distemper Virus, Canine; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Epithelial Cells; Genetic Structures; Genome, Viral; Humans; Measles; Measles virus; Morbillivirus; Pneumovirinae; Protein Binding; Receptors, Virus; Rinderpest; Rinderpest virus; Virus Replication
PubMed: 24153228
DOI: 10.2222/jsv.62.175 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Oct 2023The Paramyxoviridae family includes established human pathogens such as measles virus, mumps virus, and the human parainfluenza viruses; highly lethal zoonotic pathogens... (Review)
Review
The Paramyxoviridae family includes established human pathogens such as measles virus, mumps virus, and the human parainfluenza viruses; highly lethal zoonotic pathogens such as Nipah virus; and a number of recently identified agents, such as Sosuga virus, which remain poorly understood. The high human-to-human transmission rate of paramyxoviruses such as measles virus, high case fatality rate associated with other family members such as Nipah virus, and the existence of poorly characterized zoonotic pathogens raise concern that known and unknown paramyxoviruses have significant pandemic potential. In this review, the general life cycle, taxonomic relationships, and viral pathogenesis are described for paramyxoviruses that cause both systemic and respiratory system-restricted infections. Next, key gaps in critical areas are presented, following detailed conversations with subject matter experts and based on the current literature. Finally, we present an assessment of potential prototype pathogen candidates that could be used as models to study this important virus family, including assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of each potential prototype.
Topics: Humans; Pandemics; Paramyxoviridae; Nipah Virus; Vaccines; Antiviral Agents
PubMed: 37849400
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad123 -
Uirusu 2012Bornaviridae is an enveloped animal virus carrying an 8.9 kb non-segmented, negative-strand RNA genome. The genus bornavirus contains two members infecting vertebrates,... (Review)
Review
Bornaviridae is an enveloped animal virus carrying an 8.9 kb non-segmented, negative-strand RNA genome. The genus bornavirus contains two members infecting vertebrates, Borna disease virus (BDV) and avian bornavirus (ABV), which could preferably infect the nervous systems. BDV causes classical Borna disease, a progressive meningoencephalomyelitis, in horses and sheep, and ABV is known to induce proventricular dilatation disease, a fatal disease characterized by a lymphocytic, plasmacytic inflammation of central and peripheral nervous tissues, in multiple avian species. Recent evidences have demonstrated that bornavirus is unique among RNA viruses as they not only establish a long-lasting, persistent infection in the nucleus, but also integrate their own DNA genome copy into the host chromosome. In this review, I outline the recent knowledge about the unique virological characteristics of bornaviruses, as well as the diseases caused by the infection of BDV and ABV.
Topics: Bornaviridae; Genome, Viral; Genotype; Humans; Mononegavirales Infections; Viral Proteins; Virion; Virus Replication
PubMed: 24153231
DOI: 10.2222/jsv.62.209 -
Virus Research Apr 2017The paramyxo- and pneumoviruses are members of the order Mononegavirales, a group of viruses with non-segmented, negative strand RNA genomes. The polymerases of these... (Review)
Review
The paramyxo- and pneumoviruses are members of the order Mononegavirales, a group of viruses with non-segmented, negative strand RNA genomes. The polymerases of these viruses are multi-functional complexes, capable of transcribing subgenomic capped and polyadenylated mRNAs and replicating the genome. Although there is no native structure available for any complete paramyxo- or pneumovirus polymerase, functional and structural studies of a fragment of a pneumovirus polymerase protein and mutation analyses and resistance profiling of small-molecule inhibitors have generated a wealth of mechanistic information. This review integrates these data with the structure of a related polymerase, identifying similarities, differences, gaps in knowledge, and avenues for antiviral drug development.
Topics: DNA Mutational Analysis; Drug Resistance, Viral; Mutation, Missense; Paramyxoviridae; Pneumovirus; RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase; Transcription, Genetic; Virus Replication
PubMed: 28104450
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.01.008 -
Viruses Jun 2016The highly pathogenic Marburg virus (MARV) is a member of the Filoviridae family and belongs to the group of nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses. Reverse genetics... (Review)
Review
The highly pathogenic Marburg virus (MARV) is a member of the Filoviridae family and belongs to the group of nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses. Reverse genetics systems established for MARV have been used to study various aspects of the viral replication cycle, analyze host responses, image viral infection, and screen for antivirals. This article provides an overview of the currently established MARV reverse genetic systems based on minigenomes, infectious virus-like particles and full-length clones, and the research that has been conducted using these systems.
Topics: Marburgvirus; Reverse Genetics; Virology
PubMed: 27338448
DOI: 10.3390/v8060178 -
Viruses Nov 2019Morbilliviruses are important pathogens, to the point that they have shaped the history of human and animal health [...].
Morbilliviruses are important pathogens, to the point that they have shaped the history of human and animal health [...].
Topics: Animals; Humans; Morbillivirus; Virus Diseases; Virus Internalization; Virus Release; Virus Replication
PubMed: 31703308
DOI: 10.3390/v11111036 -
Viruses Jan 2024Henipaviruses are a genus of emerging pathogens that includes the highly virulent Nipah and Hendra viruses that cause reoccurring outbreaks of disease. Henipaviruses... (Review)
Review
Henipaviruses are a genus of emerging pathogens that includes the highly virulent Nipah and Hendra viruses that cause reoccurring outbreaks of disease. Henipaviruses rely on two surface glycoproteins, known as the attachment and fusion proteins, to facilitate entry into host cells. As new and divergent members of the genus have been discovered and structurally characterized, key differences and similarities have been noted. This review surveys the available structural information on glycoproteins, complementing this with information from related biophysical and structural studies of the broader family of which Henipaviruses are members. The process of viral entry is a primary focus for vaccine and drug development, and this review aims to identify critical knowledge gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms that drive fusion.
Topics: Humans; Henipavirus; Nipah Virus; Henipavirus Infections; Glycoproteins; Hendra Virus
PubMed: 38399971
DOI: 10.3390/v16020195