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The Journal of General Virology Jul 2021Members of the family produce enveloped virions containing a linear negative-sense non-segmented RNA genome of about 9 kb. Bornaviruses are found in mammals, birds,...
Members of the family produce enveloped virions containing a linear negative-sense non-segmented RNA genome of about 9 kb. Bornaviruses are found in mammals, birds, reptiles and fish. The most-studied viruses with public health and veterinary impact are Borna disease virus 1 and variegated squirrel bornavirus 1, both of which cause fatal encephalitis in humans. Several orthobornaviruses cause neurological and intestinal disorders in birds, mostly parrots. Endogenous bornavirus-like sequences occur in the genomes of various animals. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family , which is available at ictv.global/report/bornaviridae.
Topics: Animals; Borna Disease; Borna disease virus; Bornaviridae; Genome, Viral; Host Specificity; Humans; Virion; Virus Replication
PubMed: 34227935
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001613 -
Virology Journal Sep 2022The development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test promoted the evaluation of the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of human parainfluenza virus...
BACKGROUND
The development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test promoted the evaluation of the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) type 4, which has been rarely studied using conventional diagnostic methods. This study aimed to determine the seasonal epidemiological and clinical characteristics of all four HPIV serotypes (HPIV-1, HPIV-2, HPIV-3, and HPIV-4) during the era of PCR testing.
METHODS
The medical records of hospitalized pediatric patients diagnosed with HPIV infections by a multiplex PCR test between 2015 and 2021 were retrospectively reviewed to determine the seasonal distributions of each HPIV serotype. For patients with a single HPIV infection, the clinical characteristics of each HPIV serotype were evaluated and compared with one another.
RESULTS
Among the 514 cases of HPIV infection, HPIV-1, HPIV-2, HPIV-3, and HPIV-4 were identified in 27.2%, 11.9%, 42.6%, and 18.3% of cases, respectively. HPIV-3 was most prevalent in spring, and the other three serotypes were most prevalent in autumn. For patients with a single HPIV infection, those infected by HPIV-1 and HPIV-3 were younger than those infected by HPIV-2 and HPIV-4 (P < 0.001). Croup and lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) were most frequently diagnosed in patients infected by HPIV-1 (P < 0.001) and HPIV-4 (P = 0.002), respectively. During 2020-2021, HPIV-3 was most prevalent in autumn and caused fewer LRIs (P = 0.009) and more seizures (P < 0.001) than during 2015-2019.
CONCLUSIONS
Each HPIV serotype exhibited a distinct seasonal predominance, and some differences in the clinical characteristics of the HPIV serotypes were observed. HPIV-4 acted as an important cause of LRI. Considering the recent changes in the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of HPIV-3, more time-series analyses should be conducted.
Topics: Child; Humans; Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human; Parainfluenza Virus 2, Human; Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human; Parainfluenza Virus 4, Human; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Retrospective Studies; Seasons; Serogroup
PubMed: 36064562
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01875-2 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Apr 2024Langya virus (LayV) is a recently discovered henipavirus (HNV), isolated from febrile patients in China. HNV entry into host cells is mediated by the attachment (G) and...
Langya virus (LayV) is a recently discovered henipavirus (HNV), isolated from febrile patients in China. HNV entry into host cells is mediated by the attachment (G) and fusion (F) glycoproteins which are the main targets of neutralizing antibodies. We show here that the LayV F and G glycoproteins promote membrane fusion with human, mouse, and hamster target cells using a different, yet unknown, receptor than Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) and that NiV- and HeV-elicited monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies do not cross-react with LayV F and G. We determined cryoelectron microscopy structures of LayV F, in the prefusion and postfusion states, and of LayV G, revealing their conformational landscape and distinct antigenicity relative to NiV and HeV. We computationally designed stabilized LayV G constructs and demonstrate the generalizability of an HNV F prefusion-stabilization strategy. Our data will support the development of vaccines and therapeutics against LayV and closely related HNVs.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Nipah Virus; Hendra Virus; Glycoproteins; Henipavirus Infections; Virus Internalization; Henipavirus
PubMed: 38593070
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314990121 -
The Journal of General Virology Nov 2021is a family of viruses in the order , with unsegmented (except for members of the genus ), negative-sense RNA genomes of 10-13 kb. Nyamviruses have a genome...
is a family of viruses in the order , with unsegmented (except for members of the genus ), negative-sense RNA genomes of 10-13 kb. Nyamviruses have a genome organisation and content similar to that of other mononegaviruses. includes several genera that form monophyletic clades on phylogenetic analysis of the RNA polymerase. Nyamiviruses have been found associated with diverse invertebrates as well as land- and seabirds. Members of the genera and produce enveloped, spherical virions. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family which is available at ictv.global/report/nyamiviridae.
Topics: Animals; Genome, Viral; Invertebrates; Mononegavirales; Phylogeny; RNA, Viral; Viral Proteins; Virion
PubMed: 34738886
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001681 -
Viruses Dec 2014We review the molecular and epidemiological characteristics of cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) and the diagnosis and pathogenesis of associated disease, with six different... (Review)
Review
We review the molecular and epidemiological characteristics of cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) and the diagnosis and pathogenesis of associated disease, with six different strains detected in cetaceans worldwide. CeMV has caused epidemics with high mortality in odontocetes in Europe, the USA and Australia. It represents a distinct species within the Morbillivirus genus. Although most CeMV strains are phylogenetically closely related, recent data indicate that morbilliviruses recovered from Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), from Western Australia, and a Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis), from Brazil, are divergent. The signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) cell receptor for CeMV has been characterized in cetaceans. It shares higher amino acid identity with the ruminant SLAM than with the receptors of carnivores or humans, reflecting the evolutionary history of these mammalian taxa. In Delphinidae, three amino acid substitutions may result in a higher affinity for the virus. Infection is diagnosed by histology, immunohistochemistry, virus isolation, RT-PCR, and serology. Classical CeMV-associated lesions include bronchointerstitial pneumonia, encephalitis, syncytia, and lymphoid depletion associated with immunosuppression. Cetaceans that survive the acute disease may develop fatal secondary infections and chronic encephalitis. Endemically infected, gregarious odontocetes probably serve as reservoirs and vectors. Transmission likely occurs through the inhalation of aerosolized virus but mother to fetus transmission was also reported.
Topics: Animals; Cetacea; Morbillivirus; Morbillivirus Infections; Phylogeny
PubMed: 25533660
DOI: 10.3390/v6125145 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2018Bat rabies cases in Europe are mainly attributed to two lyssaviruses, namely European Bat Lyssavirus 1 (EBLV-1) and European Bat Lyssavirus 2 (EBLV-2). Prior to the... (Review)
Review
Bat rabies cases in Europe are mainly attributed to two lyssaviruses, namely European Bat Lyssavirus 1 (EBLV-1) and European Bat Lyssavirus 2 (EBLV-2). Prior to the death of a bat worker in Finland in 1985, very few bat rabies cases were reported. Enhanced surveillance in the two subsequent years (1986-1987) identified 263 cases (more than a fifth of all reported cases to date). Between 1977 and 2016, 1183 cases of bat rabies were reported, with the vast majority (>97%) being attributed to EBLV-1. In contrast, there have been only 39 suspected cases of EBLV-2, of which 34 have been confirmed by virus typing and presently restricted to just two bat species; and . The limited number of EBLV-2 cases in Europe prompted the establishment of a network of European reference laboratories to collate all available viruses and data. Despite the relatively low number of EBLV-2 cases, a large amount of anomalous data has been published in the scientific literature, which we have here reviewed and clarified. In this review, 29 EBLV-2 full genome sequences have been analysed to further our understanding of the diversity and molecular evolution of EBLV-2 in Europe. Analysis of the 29 complete EBLV-2 genome sequences clearly corroborated geographical relationships with all EBLV-2 sequences clustering at the country level irrespective of the gene studied. Further geographical clustering was also observed at a local level. There are high levels of homogeneity within the EBLV-2 species with nucleotide identities ranging from 95.5-100% and amino acid identities between 98.7% and 100%, despite the widespread distribution of the isolates both geographically and chronologically. The mean substitution rate for EBLV-2 across the five concatenated genes was 1.65 × 10, and evolutionary clock analysis confirms the slow evolution of EBLV-2 both between and within countries in Europe. This is further supported by the first detailed EBLV-2 intra-roost genomic analysis whereby a relatively high sequence homogeneity was found across the genomes of three EBLV-2 isolates obtained several years apart (2007, 2008, and 2014) from at the same site (Stokesay Castle, Shropshire, UK).
Topics: Animals; Evolution, Molecular; Genome, Viral; Humans; Lyssavirus; Philology; Rhabdoviridae Infections
PubMed: 29303971
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010156 -
Viruses Oct 2022Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) is a neurotropic RNA virus belonging to the family within the order . Whereas BoDV-1 causes neurological and behavioral disorders, called... (Review)
Review
Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) is a neurotropic RNA virus belonging to the family within the order . Whereas BoDV-1 causes neurological and behavioral disorders, called Borna disease (BD), in a wide range of mammals, its virulence in humans has been debated for several decades. However, a series of case reports in recent years have established the nature of BoDV-1 as a zoonotic pathogen that causes fatal encephalitis in humans. Although many virological properties of BoDV-1 have been revealed to date, the mechanism by which it causes fatal encephalitis in humans remains unclear. In addition, there are no effective vaccines or antiviral drugs that can be used in clinical practice. A reverse genetics approach to generating replication-competent recombinant viruses from full-length cDNA clones is a powerful tool that can be used to not only understand viral properties but also to develop vaccines and antiviral drugs. The rescue of recombinant BoDV-1 (rBoDV-1) was first reported in 2005. However, due to the slow nature of the replication of this virus, the rescue of high-titer rBoDV-1 required several months, limiting the use of this system. This review summarizes the history of the reverse genetics and artificial replication systems for orthobornaviruses and explores the recent progress in efforts to rescue rBoDV-1.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Borna disease virus; DNA, Complementary; Reverse Genetics; Virus Replication; Antiviral Agents; Encephalitis; Mammals
PubMed: 36298790
DOI: 10.3390/v14102236 -
Infection, Genetics and Evolution :... Oct 2011Sporadic fatal outbreaks of disease in humans and non-human primates caused by Ebola or Marburg viruses have driven research into the characterization of these viruses... (Review)
Review
Sporadic fatal outbreaks of disease in humans and non-human primates caused by Ebola or Marburg viruses have driven research into the characterization of these viruses with the hopes of identifying host tropisms and potential reservoirs. Such an understanding of the relatedness of newly discovered filoviruses may help to predict risk factors for outbreaks of hemorrhagic disease in humans and/or non-human primates. Recent discoveries such as three distinct genotypes of Reston ebolavirus, unexpectedly discovered in domestic swine in the Philippines; as well as a new species, Bundibugyo ebolavirus; the recent discovery of Lloviu virus as a potential new genus, Cuevavirus, within Filoviridae; and germline integrations of filovirus-like sequences in some animal species bring new insights into the relatedness of filoviruses, their prevalence and potential for transmission to humans. These new findings reveal that filoviruses are more diverse and may have had a greater influence on the evolution of animals than previously thought. Herein we review these findings with regard to the implications for understanding the host range, prevalence and transmission of Filoviridae.
Topics: Animals; Disease Reservoirs; Ebolavirus; Filoviridae; Filoviridae Infections; Genome, Viral; Humans; Marburgvirus; Phylogeny; Swine
PubMed: 21742058
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.06.017 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... Jan 2008Rabies virus is a negative-strand RNA virus. Its RNA genome is condensed by the viral nucleoprotein (N), and it is this N-RNA complex that is the template for... (Review)
Review
Rabies virus is a negative-strand RNA virus. Its RNA genome is condensed by the viral nucleoprotein (N), and it is this N-RNA complex that is the template for transcription and replication by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex. Here we discuss structural and functional aspects of viral transcription and replication based on the atomic structure of a recombinant rabies virus N-RNA complex. We situate available biochemical data on N-RNA interactions with viral and cellular factors in the structural framework with regard to their implications for transcription and replication. Finally, we compare the structure of the rabies virus nucleoprotein with the structures of the nucleoproteins of vesicular stomatitis virus, Borna disease virus and influenza virus, highlighting potential similarities between these virus families.
Topics: Humans; Nucleoproteins; RNA, Viral; Rabies virus; Rhabdoviridae; Transcription, Genetic; Virus Replication
PubMed: 17938861
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-007-7298-1 -
Viruses Oct 2019Canine distemper virus (CDV) and phocine distemper (PDV) are closely-related members of the family, genus , in the order . CDV has a broad host range among carnivores.... (Review)
Review
Canine distemper virus (CDV) and phocine distemper (PDV) are closely-related members of the family, genus , in the order . CDV has a broad host range among carnivores. PDV is thought to be derived from CDV through contact between terrestrial carnivores and seals. PDV has caused extensive mortality in Atlantic seals and other marine mammals, and more recently has spread to the North Pacific Ocean. CDV also infects marine carnivores, and there is evidence of infection of seals and other species in Antarctica. Recently, CDV has spread to felines and other wildlife species in the Serengeti and South Africa. Some CDV vaccines may also have caused wildlife disease. Changes in the virus haemagglutinin (H) protein, particularly the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) receptor binding site, correlate with adaptation to non-canine hosts. Differences in the phosphoprotein (P) gene sequences between disease and non-disease causing CDV strains may relate to pathogenicity in domestic dogs and wildlife. Of most concern are reports of CDV infection and disease in non-human primates raising the possibility of zoonosis. In this article we review the global occurrence of CDV and PDV, and present both historical and genetic information relating to these viruses crossing species barriers.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Cats; Cetacea; Climate Change; Distemper Virus, Canine; Distemper Virus, Phocine; Dogs; Host Specificity; Morbillivirus; Morbillivirus Infections; Pets; Primates; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 31615092
DOI: 10.3390/v11100944