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The Journal of Nutrition Jan 2023Current assessment of dietary carbohydrates does not adequately reflect the nutritional properties and effects on gut microbial structure and function. Deeper... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
Current assessment of dietary carbohydrates does not adequately reflect the nutritional properties and effects on gut microbial structure and function. Deeper characterization of food carbohydrate composition can serve to strengthen the link between diet and gastrointestinal health outcomes.
OBJECTIVES
The present study aims to characterize the monosaccharide composition of diets in a healthy US adult cohort and use these features to assess the relationship between monosaccharide intake, diet quality, characteristics of the gut microbiota, and gastrointestinal inflammation.
METHODS
This observational, cross-sectional study enrolled males and females across age (18-33 y, 34-49 y, and 50-65 y) and body mass index (normal, 18.5-24.99 kg/m; overweight, 25-29.99 kg/m; and obese, 30-44 kg/m) categories. Recent dietary intake was assessed by the automated self-administered 24-h dietary recall system, and gut microbiota were assessed with shotgun metagenome sequencing. Dietary recalls were mapped to the Davis Food Glycopedia to estimate monosaccharide intake. Participants with >75% of carbohydrate intake mappable to the glycopedia were included (N = 180).
RESULTS
Diversity of monosaccharide intake was positively associated with the total Healthy Eating Index score (Pearson's r = 0.520, P = 1.2 × 10) and negatively associated with fecal neopterin (Pearson's r = -0.247, P = 3.0 × 10). Comparing high with low intake of specific monosaccharides revealed differentially abundant taxa (Wald test, P < 0.05), which was associated with the functional capacity to break down these monomers (Wilcoxon rank-sum test, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Monosaccharide intake was associated with diet quality, gut microbial diversity, microbial metabolism, and gastrointestinal inflammation in healthy adults. As specific food sources were rich in particular monosaccharides, it may be possible in the future to tailor diets to fine-tune the gut microbiota and gastrointestinal function. This trial is registered at www.
CLINICALTRIALS
gov as NCT02367287.
Topics: Male; Female; Adult; Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Monosaccharides; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dietary Fiber; Eating; Diet; Feces; Inflammation
PubMed: 36913444
DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.12.008 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2024The mucus surface layer serves vital functions for scleractinian corals and consists mainly of carbohydrates. Its carbohydrate composition has been suggested to be...
The mucus surface layer serves vital functions for scleractinian corals and consists mainly of carbohydrates. Its carbohydrate composition has been suggested to be influenced by environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, nutrients) and microbial pressures (e.g., microbial degradation, microbial coral symbionts), yet to what extend the coral mucus composition is determined by phylogeny remains to be tested. To investigate the variation of mucus carbohydrate compositions among coral species, we analyzed the composition of mucosal carbohydrate building blocks (i.e., monosaccharides) for five species of scleractinian corals, supplemented with previously reported data, to discern overall patterns using cluster analysis. Monosaccharide composition from a total of 23 species (belonging to 14 genera and 11 families) revealed significant differences between two phylogenetic clades that diverged early in the evolutionary history of scleractinian corals (i.e., complex and robust; p = 0.001, R = 0.20), mainly driven by the absence of arabinose in the robust clade. Despite considerable differences in environmental conditions and sample analysis protocols applied, coral phylogeny significantly correlated with monosaccharide composition (Mantel test: p < 0.001, R = 0.70). These results suggest that coral mucus carbohydrates display phylogenetic dependence and support their essential role in the functioning of corals.
Topics: Anthozoa; Animals; Phylogeny; Mucus; Carbohydrates; Monosaccharides
PubMed: 38890484
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64828-5 -
The Plant Cell Dec 2006The tonoplast monosaccharide transporter (TMT) family comprises three isoforms in Arabidopsis thaliana, and TMT-green fluorescent protein fusion proteins are targeted to...
The tonoplast monosaccharide transporter (TMT) family comprises three isoforms in Arabidopsis thaliana, and TMT-green fluorescent protein fusion proteins are targeted to the vacuolar membrane. TMT promoter-beta-glucuronidase plants revealed that the TONOPLAST MONOSACCHARIDE TRANSPORTER1 (TMT1) and TMT2 genes exhibit a tissue- and cell type-specific expression pattern, whereas TMT3 is only weakly expressed. TMT1 and TMT2 expression is induced by drought, salt, and cold treatments and by sugar. During cold adaptation, tmt knockout lines accumulated less glucose and fructose compared with wild-type plants, whereas no differences were observed for sucrose. Cold adaptation of wild-type plants substantially promoted glucose uptake into isolated leaf mesophyll vacuoles. Glucose uptake into isolated vacuoles was inhibited by NH(4)(+), fructose, and phlorizin, indicating that transport is energy-dependent and that both glucose and fructose were taken up by the same carrier. Glucose import into vacuoles from two cold-induced tmt1 knockout lines or from triple knockout plants was substantially lower than into corresponding wild-type vacuoles. Monosaccharide feeding into leaf discs revealed the strongest response to sugar in tmt1 knockout lines compared with wild-type plants, suggesting that TMT1 is required for cytosolic glucose homeostasis. Our results indicate that TMT1 is involved in vacuolar monosaccharide transport and plays a major role during stress responses.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Biological Transport; Cold Temperature; DNA, Bacterial; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Homozygote; Molecular Sequence Data; Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; Monosaccharides; Mutation; Organ Specificity; Plant Leaves; Protein Transport; Protoplasts; RNA, Messenger; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, Protein; Vacuoles
PubMed: 17158605
DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.047290 -
The ISME Journal Sep 2021Microbial populations often experience fluctuations in nutrient complexity in their natural environment such as between high molecular weight polysaccharides and simple...
Microbial populations often experience fluctuations in nutrient complexity in their natural environment such as between high molecular weight polysaccharides and simple monosaccharides. However, it is unclear if cells can adopt growth behaviors that allow individuals to optimally respond to differences in nutrient complexity. Here, we directly control nutrient complexity and use quantitative single-cell analysis to study the growth dynamics of individuals within populations of the aquatic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus. We show that cells form clonal microcolonies when growing on the polysaccharide xylan, which is abundant in nature and degraded using extracellular cell-linked enzymes; and disperse to solitary growth modes when the corresponding monosaccharide xylose becomes available or nutrients are exhausted. We find that the cellular density required to achieve maximal growth rates is four-fold higher on xylan than on xylose, indicating that aggregating is advantageous on polysaccharides. When collectives on xylan are transitioned to xylose, cells start dispersing, indicating that colony formation is no longer beneficial and solitary behaviors might serve to reduce intercellular competition. Our study demonstrates that cells can dynamically tune their behaviors when nutrient complexity fluctuates, elucidates the quantitative advantages of distinct growth behaviors for individual cells and indicates why collective growth modes are prevalent in microbial populations.
Topics: Caulobacter crescentus; Humans; Nutrients; Polysaccharides; Xylose
PubMed: 33731836
DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-00953-7 -
Analytical Chemistry Jul 2023Distinguishing isomeric saccharides poses a major challenge for analytical workflows based on (liquid chromatography) mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In recent years, many...
Distinguishing isomeric saccharides poses a major challenge for analytical workflows based on (liquid chromatography) mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In recent years, many studies have proposed infrared ion spectroscopy as a possible solution as the orthogonal, spectroscopic characterization of mass-selected ions can often distinguish isomeric species that remain unresolved using conventional MS. However, the high conformational flexibility and extensive hydrogen bonding in saccharides cause their room-temperature fingerprint infrared spectra to have broad features that often lack diagnostic value. Here, we show that room-temperature infrared spectra of ion-complexed saccharides recorded in the previously unexplored far-infrared wavelength range (300-1000 cm) provide well-resolved and highly diagnostic features. We show that this enables distinction of isomeric saccharides that differ either by their composition of monosaccharide units and/or the orientation of their glycosidic linkages. We demonstrate the utility of this approach from single monosaccharides up to isomeric tetrasaccharides differing only by the configuration of a single glycosidic linkage. Furthermore, through hyphenation with hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, we identify oligosaccharide biomarkers in patient body fluid samples, demonstrating a generalized and highly sensitive MS-based method for the identification of saccharides found in complex sample matrices.
Topics: Humans; Oligosaccharides; Isomerism; Monosaccharides; Spectrophotometry, Infrared; Biomarkers; Ions; Metabolism, Inborn Errors
PubMed: 37341384
DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00363 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2021Wastewaters and by-products generated in the winemaking process are important and inexpensive sources of value-added compounds that can be potentially reused for the...
Wastewaters and by-products generated in the winemaking process are important and inexpensive sources of value-added compounds that can be potentially reused for the development of new products of commercial interest (i.e., functional foods). This research was undertaken in order to evaluate the potential of nanofiltration (NF) membranes in the recovery of anthocyanins and monosaccharides from a clarified Carménère grape marc obtained through a combination of ultrasound-assisted extraction and microfiltration. Three different flat-sheet nanofiltration (NF) membranes, covering the range of molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) from 150 to 800 Da, were evaluated for their productivity as well as for their rejection towards anthocyanins (malvidin-3--glucoside, malvidin 3-(acetyl)-glucoside, and malvidin 3-(coumaroyl)-glucoside) and sugars (glucose and fructose) in selected operating conditions. The selected membranes showed differences in their performance in terms of permeate flux and rejection of target compounds. The NFX membrane, with the lowest MWCO (150-300 Da), showed a lower flux decay in comparison to the other investigated membranes. All the membranes showed rejection higher than 99.42% for the quantified anthocyanins. Regarding sugars rejection, the NFX membrane showed the highest rejection for glucose and fructose (100 and 92.60%, respectively), whereas the NFW membrane (MWCO 300-500 Da) was the one with the lowest rejection for these compounds (80.57 and 71.62%, respectively). As a general trend, the tested membranes did not show a preferential rejection of anthocyanins over sugars. Therefore, all tested membranes were suitable for concentration purposes.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Chemical Phenomena; Membranes, Artificial; Molecular Weight; Monosaccharides; Nanopores; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Reproducibility of Results; Sugars; Ultrafiltration; Vitis
PubMed: 33916021
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072003 -
Journal of Bacteriology Sep 1973Using a quantitative assay for measuring chemotaxis, we tested a variety of sugars and sugar derivatives for their ability to attract Escherichia coli bacteria. The most...
Using a quantitative assay for measuring chemotaxis, we tested a variety of sugars and sugar derivatives for their ability to attract Escherichia coli bacteria. The most effective attractants, i.e., those that have thresholds near 10(-5) M or below, are N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, 6-deoxy-d-glucose, d-fructose, d-fucose, 1-d-glycerol-beta-d-galactoside, galactitol, d-galactose, d-glucosamine, d-glucose, alpha-d-glucose-1-phosphate, lactose, maltose, d-mannitol, d-mannose, methyl-beta-d-galactoside, methyl-beta-d-glucoside, d-ribose, d-sorbitol, and trehalose. Lactose, and probably d-glucose-1-phosphate, are attractive only after conversion to the free monosaccharide, while the other attractants do not require breakdown for taxis. Nine different chemoreceptors are involved in detecting these various attractants. They are called the N-acetyl-glucosamine, fructose, galactose, glucose, maltose, mannitol, ribose, sorbitol, and trehalose chemoreceptors; the specificity of each was studied. The chemoreceptors, with the exception of the one for d-glucose, are inducible. The galactose-binding protein serves as the recognition component of the galactose chemoreceptor. E. coli also has osmotically shockable binding activities for maltose and d-ribose, and these appear to serve as the recognition components for the corresponding chemoreceptors.
Topics: Amino Sugars; Carbohydrates; Chemotaxis; Escherichia coli; Galactose; Glucose; Glycosides; Monosaccharides; Mutation; Oligosaccharides; Polysaccharides; Protein Binding; Receptors, Drug; Stereoisomerism; Sugar Acids; Sugar Alcohols
PubMed: 4580570
DOI: 10.1128/jb.115.3.824-847.1973 -
Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in... Oct 2021An automated continuous flow system capable of producing protected deoxy-sugar donors from commercial material is described. Four 2,6-dideoxy and two...
An automated continuous flow system capable of producing protected deoxy-sugar donors from commercial material is described. Four 2,6-dideoxy and two 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy sugars with orthogonal protecting groups were synthesized in 11-32 % overall yields in 74-131.5 minutes of total reaction time. Several of the reactions were able to be concatenated into a continuous process, avoiding the need for chromatographic purification of intermediates. The modular nature of the experimental setup allowed for reaction streams to be split into different lines for the parallel synthesis of multiple donors. Further, the continuous flow processes were fully automated and described through the design of an open-source Python-controlled automation platform.
Topics: Amino Sugars; Deoxy Sugars; Monosaccharides
PubMed: 34463017
DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109887 -
Gut Sep 1971Intestinal monosaccharide transport was studied in a series of rats with a self-filling jejunal blind loop using 3mM arbutin (p-hydroxyphenyl-B-glucoside) or 1mM...
Intestinal monosaccharide transport was studied in a series of rats with a self-filling jejunal blind loop using 3mM arbutin (p-hydroxyphenyl-B-glucoside) or 1mM D-fructose as substrate in vitro and 10 mM arbutin or 5mM D-fructose in vivo. These results were compared with changes in the bacterial flora and state of conjugation of intraluminal bile salts in those animals. Observations were also made of the microscopic and ultrastructural appearances of the small-intestinal epithelium. In the small intestine of blind-loop rats intestinal monosaccharide transport is impaired, and in vitro is most marked in the blind loop, less so in the efferent jejunum, and not significantly altered in the afferent jejunum. A similar pattern of disturbed monosaccharide absorption was demonstrated by perfusions in vivo. The degree of the transport defect correlates closely with the luxuriance of the anaerobic flora, which averaged 10(8) per millilitre in the blind loop, 10(7) in the efferent jejunum, and 10(6) in the afferent jejunum. A similar pattern of abnormality of bile salt conjugation occurred. In the blind loop the ratio of free to conjugated bile salts was grossly abnormal; this disturbance was somewhat less marked in the efferent jejunum and considerably less in the intraluminal contents of the afferent jejunum. An irregularly distributed lesion, consisting of swelling and vacuolation of microvilli and intracellular organelles, was demonstrated in the small-intestinal epithelium of blind-loop animals. Impaired absorption of monosaccharides is a further consequence of bacterial contamination of the upper gut. It is suggested that this defect is caused by the presence of high levels of deconjugated bile salts produced by an abnormal anaerobic bacterial flora in the small intestine.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Animals; Bile Acids and Salts; Blind Loop Syndrome; Cytoplasm; Epithelium; Fats; Feces; Fructose; Glycosides; Inclusion Bodies; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Jejunum; Malabsorption Syndromes; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria; Monosaccharides; Rats
PubMed: 4329096
DOI: 10.1136/gut.12.9.683 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2021Brown algae is a kind of renewable resource for biofuels production. As the major component of carbohydrate in the cell walls of brown algae, alginate can be degraded...
Brown algae is a kind of renewable resource for biofuels production. As the major component of carbohydrate in the cell walls of brown algae, alginate can be degraded into unsaturated monosaccharide by exo-type alginate lyases, then converted into 4-deoxy-L--5-hexoseulose uronate (DEH) by a non-enzyme reaction, which is an important raw material for the preparation of bioethanol. In our research, a novel exo-type alginate lyase, VsAly7D, belonging to the PL7 family was isolated from marine bacterium sp. QY108 and recombinantly expressed in . The purified VsAly7D demonstrated the highest activity at 35 °C, whereas it still maintained 46.5% and 83.1% of its initial activity at 20 °C and 30 °C, respectively. In addition, VsAly7D exhibited the maximum activity under alkaline conditions (pH 8.0), with the simultaneously remaining stability between pH 8.0 and 10.0. Compared with other reported exo-type enzymes, VsAly7D could efficiently degrade alginate, poly-β-D-mannuronate (polyM) and poly-α-L-guluronate (polyG) with highest specific activities (663.0 U/mg, 913.6 U/mg and 894.4 U/mg, respectively). These results showed that recombinant VsAly7D is a suitable tool enzyme for unsaturated alginate monosaccharide preparation and holds great promise for producing bioethanol from brown algae.
Topics: Alginates; Amino Acid Sequence; Bacterial Proteins; Escherichia coli; Glucuronic Acid; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Monosaccharides; Phaeophyceae; Polysaccharide-Lyases; Vibrio
PubMed: 34445107
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168402