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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2021Rare sugars are monosaccharides with a limited availability in the nature and almost unknown biological functions. The use of industrial enzymatic and microbial... (Review)
Review
Rare sugars are monosaccharides with a limited availability in the nature and almost unknown biological functions. The use of industrial enzymatic and microbial processes greatly reduced their production costs, making research on these molecules more accessible. Since then, the number of studies on their medical/clinical applications grew and rare sugars emerged as potential candidates to replace conventional sugars in human nutrition thanks to their beneficial health effects. More recently, the potential use of rare sugars in agriculture was also highlighted. However, overviews and critical evaluations on this topic are missing. This review aims to provide the current knowledge about the effects of rare sugars on the organisms of the farming ecosystem, with an emphasis on their mode of action and practical use as an innovative tool for sustainable agriculture. Some rare sugars can impact the plant growth and immune responses by affecting metabolic homeostasis and the hormonal signaling pathways. These properties could be used for the development of new herbicides, plant growth regulators and resistance inducers. Other rare sugars also showed antinutritional properties on some phytopathogens and biocidal activity against some plant pests, highlighting their promising potential for the development of new sustainable pesticides. Their low risk for human health also makes them safe and ecofriendly alternatives to agrochemicals.
Topics: Agrochemicals; Crop Protection; Ecosystem; Monosaccharides; Plant Development
PubMed: 33808719
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061720 -
Balkan Medical Journal Sep 2023Multi-antibiotic resistance, which has increased in recent years, poses a serious societal threat as it makes the fight against deadly infection-causing pathogens even...
BACKGROUND
Multi-antibiotic resistance, which has increased in recent years, poses a serious societal threat as it makes the fight against deadly infection-causing pathogens even more complex and difficult. As such, the search for naturally resistant probiotic microorganisms and metabolic products obtained from these organisms to prevent infections, as an alternative to antibiotics, is crucial. In this context, preventing the quorum sensing (QS) mechanism that provides communication among bacteria is considered a mechanism that can prevent the colonization and progression of deadly infections.
AIMS
To determine the QS mechanism and the immunological effects and various biological and biochemical characterizations of exopolysaccharide (EPS) obtained from the L1 strain isolated from the vaginal microflora of healthy women.
STUDY DESIGN
Experimental laboratory study.
METHODS
The antibacterial ability, the antibiofilm and QS forming activities, and interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-10 production capacities of EPS were determined. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC), the surface morphology of EPS by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the presence of functional groups, and the monosaccharide composition were determined by gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS).
RESULTS
L1-EPS demonstrated a strong antibiofilm activity on (65.14%), (63.27%), and (54.21%) at a concentration of 5.0 mg/ml. The anti-QS activity of EPS was found to be quite high at 10 mg/ml EPS concentration. In the study performed with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMC), the immunostimulatory IFN-γ value was higher (45 ± 0.0.3) than that in the experimental group, while the IL-10 value was lower than that in the control group (36 ± 0.05). The TAC value of L1- EPS was found to be 76 μg/ml at 1,000 μg concentration. According to the GC-MS analysis results, glucose constituted 13.80% of the monosaccharide composition of EPS, while alpha-D-galactose constituted 13.89%.
CONCLUSION
Interestingly, EPSs of L1 strain, which have not been reported previously, demonstrated high anti-QS and antibiofilm properties, making EPSs a prospective compound for application in the pharmaceutical and food industries owing to their strong antimicrobial and antioxidant capacities.
Topics: Humans; Female; Lacticaseibacillus paracasei; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Antioxidants; Prospective Studies; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Monosaccharides; Probiotics
PubMed: 37278340
DOI: 10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2023.2023-1-96 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022It is generally believed that fresh (FDO) has more significant pharmacological activity than dried (DDO); however, the difference has not been clearly shown. Our study...
It is generally believed that fresh (FDO) has more significant pharmacological activity than dried (DDO); however, the difference has not been clearly shown. Our study compared their antioxidant properties both in vitro and in vivo, and the molecular weight arrangement and monosaccharide composition of the fresh polysaccharides (FDOPs) and the dried polysaccharides (DDOPs) were analyzed by HPLC-GPC and GC-MS. The results showed that the FDO and its polysaccharides had more significant effects on scavenging DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radicals than the DDO. In addition, both the FDO and DDO significantly reduced lipid peroxidation levels and increased the SOD, T-AOC, CAT, and GSH levels in mice with acute liver damage caused by CCl, while the FDO and its polysaccharides were more effective. Histopathological analysis further verified the protective effect of the Dendrobium polysaccharides on CCl-induced liver injury. The determination of the polysaccharides revealed that the polysaccharide and mannose contents of the FDO were significantly higher than their dried counterparts, and the homogeneous arrangement of the polysaccharides in the FDO was degraded into three polysaccharide fragments of different molecular weights in the DDO. Overall, our data identified differences in the antioxidant activities of the FDO and DDO, as well as the reasons for these differences.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Dendrobium; Dietary Carbohydrates; Mannose; Mice; Monosaccharides; Plant Extracts; Polysaccharides; Superoxide Dismutase
PubMed: 36235191
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196654 -
Gut Microbes 2021Gut microbiome composition depends heavily upon diet and has strong ties to human health. Dietary carbohydrates shape the gut microbiome by providing a potent nutrient... (Review)
Review
Gut microbiome composition depends heavily upon diet and has strong ties to human health. Dietary carbohydrates shape the gut microbiome by providing a potent nutrient source for particular microbes. This review explores how dietary carbohydrates in general, including individual monosaccharides and complex polysaccharides, influence the gut microbiome with subsequent effects on host health and disease. In particular, the effects of sialic acids, a prominent and influential class of monosaccharides, are discussed. Complex plant carbohydrates, such as dietary fiber, generally promote microbial production of compounds beneficial to the host while preventing degradation of host carbohydrates from colonic mucus. In contrast, simple and easily digestible sugars such as glucose are often associated with adverse effects on health and the microbiome. The monosaccharide class of sialic acids exerts a powerful but nuanced effect on gut microbiota. Sialic acid consumption (in monosaccharide form, or as part of human milk oligosaccharides or certain animal-based foods) drives the growth of organisms with sialic acid metabolism capabilities. Minor chemical modifications of Neu5Ac, the most common form of sialic acid, can alter these effects. All aspects of carbohydrate composition are therefore relevant to consider when designing dietary therapeutic strategies to alter the gut microbiome.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fiber; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Monosaccharides; Mucins; Polysaccharides; Sialic Acids
PubMed: 33615984
DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1869502 -
Food Chemistry Nov 2021The mucilage extracted from the convection-dried cladodes of O. ficus-indica and O. joconostle, two species of economic importance, delivered three fractions after...
The mucilage extracted from the convection-dried cladodes of O. ficus-indica and O. joconostle, two species of economic importance, delivered three fractions after methanol precipitation. Two were composed of high molar mass polysaccharides, and one included water-soluble mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides. The large polysaccharides have a molar mass range of 4.0 × 10 to 8.0 × 10 g·mol and are consistently composed of galactose, arabinose, xylose, and rhamnose; however, the content of galacturonic acid was different between both fractions and species. Their fermentability by selected probiotics was relatively low, 11-27 % compared to glucose, and decreased with increasing levels of galacturonic acid in the molecules. In the third fraction, previously unreported oligosaccharides were found. These include simple- and complex-structured galactooligosaccharides with arabinosyl-, xylosyl- and galacturonosyl acid residues. Their fermentability by prebiotic species can be ascribed more to their structural characteristics and monosaccharide composition than their molecular dimensions.
Topics: Arabinose; Fermentation; Galactose; Hexuronic Acids; Monosaccharides; Oligosaccharides; Opuntia; Plant Mucilage; Polysaccharides; Prebiotics; Probiotics
PubMed: 34087714
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130167 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2022In this paper, Nostoc commune crude polysaccharide was extracted by heating and Ultrasonic-assisted methods separately, homogeneous polysaccharide HNCP3 and UNCP4 were...
In this paper, Nostoc commune crude polysaccharide was extracted by heating and Ultrasonic-assisted methods separately, homogeneous polysaccharide HNCP3 and UNCP4 were obtained after purified by DEAE-52 cellulose column chromatography and Sephacryl G-100 gel column chromatography. The structures of HNCP3 and UNCP4 were characterized by molecular weight determination, infrared spectroscopy, DSC detection, sodium periodate oxidation, smith degradation reaction and methylation analysis. The conformation of the solution was studied by SEM and AFM. The results showed that the Ultrasonic-assisted extraction had effects on the molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, molar ratio and configuration of Nostoc commune. The main chain of HNCP3 and UNCP4 was → 6)-D-Glcp(1→ and → 2, 6)-D-Glcp, but UNCP4 contained 1, 2, 6-galactose and 2, 3-Me2-D-Ara branches, while HNCP3 did not. The results of the monosaccharides composition of indicated that mannose was presented in both HNCP3 and UNCP4. SEM and AFM showed that the structure of UNCP4 was helical, and the solution conformations of HNCP3 and UNCP4 were different in different solution environments. Studies on DPPH radicals, superoxide anions, and hydroxyl radicals scavenging abilities showed that UNCP4 had higher antioxidant activity, while studies on the antidiabetic activities showed that the hypoglycemic effect of UNCP4 was stronger than that of HNCP3. Therefore, Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) increases the bioactivity of Nostoc commune polysaccharide (NCP) as well as the extraction rate.
Topics: Nostoc commune; Hypoglycemic Agents; Polysaccharides; Antioxidants; Monosaccharides; Molecular Weight; Chromatography, Gel
PubMed: 36550164
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26802-x -
Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi =... Aug 2022To examine the serum levels of degraded monosaccharides in children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) and to study the clinical significance of degraded...
OBJECTIVES
To examine the serum levels of degraded monosaccharides in children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) and to study the clinical significance of degraded monosaccharides in HSP.
METHODS
A prospective analysis was performed on 132 children who were diagnosed with HSP from September 2019 to January 2022, and 132 healthy children were enrolled as the control group. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the content of degraded monosaccharides in serum in both groups. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the efficiency of degraded monosaccharides for the diagnosis of HSP.
RESULTS
Compared with the control group, the HSP group had significantly higher serum levels of mannose, glucosamine, aminogalactose, and galactose (<0.001). The four degraded monosaccharides had an area under the ROC curve of 0.919, 0.913, 0.832, and 0.932 respectively for the diagnosis of HSP (<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Children with HSP have higher serum levels of mannose, glucosamine, aminogalactose, and galactose than the healthy population. The levels of degraded monosaccharides may have an important value for the diagnosis of HSP.
Topics: Child; Galactose; Glucosamine; Humans; IgA Vasculitis; Mannose; Monosaccharides
PubMed: 36036128
DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2202125 -
Nutrients Apr 2022The molecular complexity of the carbohydrates consumed by humans has been deceptively oversimplified due to a lack of analytical methods that possess the throughput,...
The molecular complexity of the carbohydrates consumed by humans has been deceptively oversimplified due to a lack of analytical methods that possess the throughput, sensitivity, and resolution required to provide quantitative structural information. However, such information is becoming an integral part of understanding how specific glycan structures impact health through their interaction with the gut microbiome and host physiology. This work presents a detailed catalogue of the glycans present in complementary foods commonly consumed by toddlers during weaning and foods commonly consumed by American adults. The monosaccharide compositions of over 800 foods from diverse food groups including Fruits, Vegetables, Grain Products, Beans, Peas, Other Legumes, Nuts, Seeds; Sugars, Sweets and Beverages; Animal Products, and more were obtained and used to construct the "Davis Food Glycopedia" (DFG), an open-access database that provides quantitative structural information on the carbohydrates in food. While many foods within the same group possessed similar compositions, hierarchical clustering analysis revealed similarities between different groups as well. Such a Glycopedia can be used to formulate diets rich in specific monosaccharide residues to provide a more targeted modulation of the gut microbiome, thereby opening the door for a new class of prophylactic or therapeutic diets.
Topics: Animals; Diet; Fabaceae; Food; Fruit; Monosaccharides; Polysaccharides; Vegetables
PubMed: 35458202
DOI: 10.3390/nu14081639 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2024In this study, three homogeneous fractions, PSP-N-b-1, PSP-N-b-2, and PSP-N-c-1, were obtained from an aqueous extract of Polygonatum using DEAE cellulose column...
In this study, three homogeneous fractions, PSP-N-b-1, PSP-N-b-2, and PSP-N-c-1, were obtained from an aqueous extract of Polygonatum using DEAE cellulose column chromatography, CL-6B agarose gel chromatography, and Sephadex G100 chromatography. Their monosaccharide compositions and molecular weights were analyzed. The results revealed that PSP-N-b-1, PSP-N-b-2, and PSP-N-c-1 are primarily composed of six monosaccharides: Man (mannose), GlcA (glucuronic acid), Rha (rhamnose), GalA (galacturonic acid), Glc (glucose), and Ara (arabinose), with molecular weights of 6.3 KDa, 5.78 KDa, and 3.45 KDa, respectively. Furthermore, we observed that Polygonatum polysaccharides exhibited protective effects against CCL-induced liver damage in HepG2 cells in vitro, operating through both anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Our research findings suggest that Polygonatum polysaccharides may emerge as a promising option in the development of hepatoprotective drugs or functional foods with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
Topics: Humans; Polygonatum; Monosaccharides; Antioxidants; Polysaccharides; Anti-Inflammatory Agents
PubMed: 38474549
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051038 -
Marine Drugs Apr 2022Sargassum fucoidan is a kind of sulfated heteropolysaccharide with a variety of biological activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the extraction,...
Sargassum fucoidan is a kind of sulfated heteropolysaccharide with a variety of biological activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the extraction, purification, physicochemical characterization and in vitro antithrombotic activity of fucoidan from C.Agardh. Hot-water-assisted ultrasound was used to extract fucoidan (F). Fucoidan was purified by DEAE cellulose 52 (F1), Vc-HO (FD1) and Superdex 75 gel (FDS1). The physical and chemical properties of fucoidans were analyzed by chemical composition, monosaccharide composition, average molecular weight (Mw) and FTIR. The sulfate contents of F, F1, FD1 and FDS1 were 11.45%, 16.35% and 17.52%, 9.66%, respectively; the Mw was 5.677 × 10, 4.393 × 10, 2.176 × 10 and 6.166 × 10, respectively. The results of monosaccharide composition showed that the four fucoidans contained l-fucose, d-galactose, l-mannose, d-xylose, l-rhamnose and d-glucose, but the mass fraction ratio was different. The results of FTIR showed that fucoidan contained characteristic peaks of sugar and sulfate. In vitro, F1, FD1 and FDS1 could alleviate HUVEC damage induced by adrenaline (Adr). F1, FD1 and FDS1 decreased vWF and TF and increased the ratio of t-PA/PAI-1 in Adr-induced HUVEC.
Topics: Fibrinolytic Agents; Hydrogen Peroxide; Monosaccharides; Polysaccharides; Sargassum; Sulfates
PubMed: 35621950
DOI: 10.3390/md20050300