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International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2022The above-ground part of the was found to contain ~13% (/) of polysaccharides extractable with water and aqueous solutions of ammonium oxalate and sodium carbonate. The...
The above-ground part of the was found to contain ~13% (/) of polysaccharides extractable with water and aqueous solutions of ammonium oxalate and sodium carbonate. The fractions extracted with aqueous sodium carbonate solutions had the highest yield. The polysaccharides of majority fractions are characterized by similar monosaccharide composition; namely, galacturonic acid and arabinose residues are the principal components of their carbohydrate chains. The present study focused on the determination of antioxidant activity of the extracted polysaccharide fractions and elucidation of the structure of polysaccharides using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Homogalacturonan (HG), consisting of 1,4-linked residues of α-D-galactopyranosyluronic acid (GalA), rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I), which contains a diglycosyl repeating unit with a strictly alternating sequence of 1,4-linked D-GalA and 1,2-linked L-rhamnopyranose (Rha) residues in the backbone, and arabinan, were identified as the structural units of the obtained polysaccharides. HMBC spectra showed that arabinan consisted of alternating regions formed by 3,5-substituted and 1,5-linked arabinofuranose residues, but there was no alternation of these residues in the arabinan structure. Polysaccharide fractions scavenged the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical at 0.2-1.8 mg/mL. The correlation analysis showed that the DPPH scavenging activity of polysaccharide fractions was associated with the content of phenolic compounds (PCs).
Topics: Antioxidants; Salsola; Pectins; Polysaccharides; Monosaccharides
PubMed: 36361966
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113175 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2021Rare sugars are monosaccharides with a limited availability in the nature and almost unknown biological functions. The use of industrial enzymatic and microbial... (Review)
Review
Rare sugars are monosaccharides with a limited availability in the nature and almost unknown biological functions. The use of industrial enzymatic and microbial processes greatly reduced their production costs, making research on these molecules more accessible. Since then, the number of studies on their medical/clinical applications grew and rare sugars emerged as potential candidates to replace conventional sugars in human nutrition thanks to their beneficial health effects. More recently, the potential use of rare sugars in agriculture was also highlighted. However, overviews and critical evaluations on this topic are missing. This review aims to provide the current knowledge about the effects of rare sugars on the organisms of the farming ecosystem, with an emphasis on their mode of action and practical use as an innovative tool for sustainable agriculture. Some rare sugars can impact the plant growth and immune responses by affecting metabolic homeostasis and the hormonal signaling pathways. These properties could be used for the development of new herbicides, plant growth regulators and resistance inducers. Other rare sugars also showed antinutritional properties on some phytopathogens and biocidal activity against some plant pests, highlighting their promising potential for the development of new sustainable pesticides. Their low risk for human health also makes them safe and ecofriendly alternatives to agrochemicals.
Topics: Agrochemicals; Crop Protection; Ecosystem; Monosaccharides; Plant Development
PubMed: 33808719
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061720 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2022In this paper, Nostoc commune crude polysaccharide was extracted by heating and Ultrasonic-assisted methods separately, homogeneous polysaccharide HNCP3 and UNCP4 were...
In this paper, Nostoc commune crude polysaccharide was extracted by heating and Ultrasonic-assisted methods separately, homogeneous polysaccharide HNCP3 and UNCP4 were obtained after purified by DEAE-52 cellulose column chromatography and Sephacryl G-100 gel column chromatography. The structures of HNCP3 and UNCP4 were characterized by molecular weight determination, infrared spectroscopy, DSC detection, sodium periodate oxidation, smith degradation reaction and methylation analysis. The conformation of the solution was studied by SEM and AFM. The results showed that the Ultrasonic-assisted extraction had effects on the molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, molar ratio and configuration of Nostoc commune. The main chain of HNCP3 and UNCP4 was → 6)-D-Glcp(1→ and → 2, 6)-D-Glcp, but UNCP4 contained 1, 2, 6-galactose and 2, 3-Me2-D-Ara branches, while HNCP3 did not. The results of the monosaccharides composition of indicated that mannose was presented in both HNCP3 and UNCP4. SEM and AFM showed that the structure of UNCP4 was helical, and the solution conformations of HNCP3 and UNCP4 were different in different solution environments. Studies on DPPH radicals, superoxide anions, and hydroxyl radicals scavenging abilities showed that UNCP4 had higher antioxidant activity, while studies on the antidiabetic activities showed that the hypoglycemic effect of UNCP4 was stronger than that of HNCP3. Therefore, Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) increases the bioactivity of Nostoc commune polysaccharide (NCP) as well as the extraction rate.
Topics: Nostoc commune; Hypoglycemic Agents; Polysaccharides; Antioxidants; Monosaccharides; Molecular Weight; Chromatography, Gel
PubMed: 36550164
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26802-x -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Jan 2021Sugar transporters are essential components of carbon metabolism and have been extensively studied to control sugar uptake by yeasts and filamentous fungi used in...
Sugar transporters are essential components of carbon metabolism and have been extensively studied to control sugar uptake by yeasts and filamentous fungi used in fermentation processes. Based on published information on characterized fungal sugar porters, we show that this protein family encompasses phylogenetically distinct clades. While several clades encompass transporters that seemingly specialized on specific "sugar-related" molecules (e.g., myo-inositol, charged sugar analogs), others include mostly either mono- or di/oligosaccharide low-specificity transporters. To address the issue of substrate specificity of sugar transporters, that protein primary sequences do not fully reveal, we screened "multi-species" soil eukaryotic cDNA libraries for mannose transporters, a sugar that had never been used to select transporters. We obtained 19 environmental transporters, mostly from Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. Among them, one belonged to the unusual "Fucose H Symporter" family, which is only known in Fungi for a rhamnose transporter in Aspergillus niger. Functional analysis of the 19 transporters by expression in yeast and for two of them in Xenopus laevis oocytes for electrophysiological measurements indicated that most of them showed a preference for D-mannose over other tested D-C6 (glucose, fructose, galactose) or D-C5 (xylose) sugars. For the several glucose and fructose-negative transporters, growth of the corresponding recombinant yeast strains was prevented on mannose in the presence of one of these sugars that may act by competition for the binding site. Our results highlight the potential of environmental genomics to figure out the functional diversity of key fungal protein families and that can be explored in a context of biotechnology. KEY POINTS: • Most fungal sugar transporters accept several sugars as substrates. • Transporters, belonging to 2 protein families, were isolated from soil cDNA libraries. • Environmental transporters featured novel substrate specificities.
Topics: Biological Transport; Glucose; Membrane Transport Proteins; Metagenomics; Monosaccharides; Phylogeny
PubMed: 33394157
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11076-y -
Biochemistry May 2021is the leading cause of food poisoning in the United States and Europe. The exterior cell surface of is coated with a capsular polysaccharide (CPS) that is essential...
is the leading cause of food poisoning in the United States and Europe. The exterior cell surface of is coated with a capsular polysaccharide (CPS) that is essential for the maintenance and integrity of the bacterial cell wall and evasion of the host immune response. The identity and sequences of the monosaccharide components of the CPS are quite variable and dependent on the specific strain of . It is currently thought that the immediate precursor for the multiple variations found in the heptose moieties of the CPS is GDP-d--α-d--heptose. In NCTC 11168, the heptose moiety is d--l--heptose. It has previously been shown that Cj1427 catalyzes the oxidation of GDP-d--α-d--heptose to GDP-d--4-keto-α-d--heptose using α-ketoglutarate as a cosubstrate. Cj1430 was now demonstrated to catalyze the double epimerization of this product at C3 and C5 to form GDP-d--4-keto-β-l--heptose. Cj1428 subsequently catalyzes the stereospecific reduction of this GDP-linked heptose by NADPH to form GDP-d--β-l--heptose. The three-dimensional crystal structure of Cj1430 was determined to a resolution of 1.85 Å in the presence of bound GDP-d--β-l--heptose, a product analogue. The structure shows that it belongs to the cupin superfamily. The three-dimensional crystal structure of Cj1428 was solved in the presence of NADPH to a resolution of 1.50 Å. Its fold places it into the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. Typically, members in this family display a characteristic signature sequence of YXXXK, with the conserved tyrosine serving a key role in catalysis. In Cj1428, this residue is a phenylalanine.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Campylobacter jejuni; Guanosine Diphosphate; Heptoses; Ketoglutaric Acids; Monosaccharides; Oxidoreductases; Polysaccharides; Polysaccharides, Bacterial
PubMed: 33900734
DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00183 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2022The structural characterization, the in vitro antioxidant activity, and the hypoglycemic activity of a polysaccharide (SGP-1-1) isolated from (SG) were studied in this...
The structural characterization, the in vitro antioxidant activity, and the hypoglycemic activity of a polysaccharide (SGP-1-1) isolated from (SG) were studied in this paper. SGP-1-1, whose molecular weight is 19.037 kDa, consisted of Gal:Man:Glc in the molar ratio of 1:2.56:4.90. According to the results of methylation analysis, GC-MS, and NMR, HSQC was interpreted as a glucomannan with a backbone composed of 4)--D-Glc-(1→4)-, -D-Glc-(1→4)-, and 4)-Man-(1 residues. -1,6 linked an -D-Gal branch, and -1,6 linked an -D-Glc branch. The study indirectly showed that SGP-1-1 has good in vitro hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities and that these activities may be related to the fact that the SGP-1-1's monosaccharide composition (a higher proportion of Gal and Man) is the glycosidic-bond type (- and -glycosidic bonds). SGP-1-1 could be used as a potential antioxidant and hypoglycemic candidate for functional and nutritional food applications.
Topics: Antioxidants; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Molecular Weight; Monosaccharides; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 35807439
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134192 -
Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi =... Aug 2022To examine the serum levels of degraded monosaccharides in children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) and to study the clinical significance of degraded...
OBJECTIVES
To examine the serum levels of degraded monosaccharides in children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) and to study the clinical significance of degraded monosaccharides in HSP.
METHODS
A prospective analysis was performed on 132 children who were diagnosed with HSP from September 2019 to January 2022, and 132 healthy children were enrolled as the control group. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the content of degraded monosaccharides in serum in both groups. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the efficiency of degraded monosaccharides for the diagnosis of HSP.
RESULTS
Compared with the control group, the HSP group had significantly higher serum levels of mannose, glucosamine, aminogalactose, and galactose (<0.001). The four degraded monosaccharides had an area under the ROC curve of 0.919, 0.913, 0.832, and 0.932 respectively for the diagnosis of HSP (<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Children with HSP have higher serum levels of mannose, glucosamine, aminogalactose, and galactose than the healthy population. The levels of degraded monosaccharides may have an important value for the diagnosis of HSP.
Topics: Child; Galactose; Glucosamine; Humans; IgA Vasculitis; Mannose; Monosaccharides
PubMed: 36036128
DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2202125 -
Scientific Reports Sep 2022Fucoidan derived from brown algae has been shown to exhibit antitumor and antioxidant effects, so research on sulfated polysaccharides is increasing. The purpose of this...
Fucoidan derived from brown algae has been shown to exhibit antitumor and antioxidant effects, so research on sulfated polysaccharides is increasing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics and biological activity of fucoidan that was extracted at two temperatures (65 and 80 °C) from Sargassum ilicifolium (Turner) C. Agardh from five regions of Taiwan. The data show that there are significant differences in the yield, sulfate and total sugar content of Sargassum ilicifolium (Turner) C. Agardh grown in different locations in the same sea area. HPLC was used to determine the monosaccharide compositions of the fucoidan, which contains fucose, mannose, mannose, glucose and galactose and have a low molecular weight of less than 5 kDa, and then we will select the algae collected in Fugang, Taitung, for further biological activity research. The sampled Sargassum ilicifolium (Turner) C. Agardh at all five locations has a good polyphenol content, and it shows great DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, Ferrous ion-chelating activity and Reducing power. The Sargassum ilicifolium (Turner) C. Agardh that was collected from Taitung Fugang is not toxic to L929 normal cells, but for A549 cancer cells and HCT116 cancer cells, it is known from the results that it has good cytotoxicity for A549 cancer cells. Thus, this study found that the Sargassum ilicifolium (Turner) C. Agardh that was collected from Taitung Fugang has significant antioxidant and anticancer properties.
Topics: Antioxidants; Fucose; Galactose; Glucose; Mannose; Monosaccharides; Polyphenols; Polysaccharides; Sargassum; Sulfates
PubMed: 36151104
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19370-7 -
Gut Microbes 2021Gut microbiome composition depends heavily upon diet and has strong ties to human health. Dietary carbohydrates shape the gut microbiome by providing a potent nutrient... (Review)
Review
Gut microbiome composition depends heavily upon diet and has strong ties to human health. Dietary carbohydrates shape the gut microbiome by providing a potent nutrient source for particular microbes. This review explores how dietary carbohydrates in general, including individual monosaccharides and complex polysaccharides, influence the gut microbiome with subsequent effects on host health and disease. In particular, the effects of sialic acids, a prominent and influential class of monosaccharides, are discussed. Complex plant carbohydrates, such as dietary fiber, generally promote microbial production of compounds beneficial to the host while preventing degradation of host carbohydrates from colonic mucus. In contrast, simple and easily digestible sugars such as glucose are often associated with adverse effects on health and the microbiome. The monosaccharide class of sialic acids exerts a powerful but nuanced effect on gut microbiota. Sialic acid consumption (in monosaccharide form, or as part of human milk oligosaccharides or certain animal-based foods) drives the growth of organisms with sialic acid metabolism capabilities. Minor chemical modifications of Neu5Ac, the most common form of sialic acid, can alter these effects. All aspects of carbohydrate composition are therefore relevant to consider when designing dietary therapeutic strategies to alter the gut microbiome.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fiber; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Monosaccharides; Mucins; Polysaccharides; Sialic Acids
PubMed: 33615984
DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1869502 -
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology Aug 2010In the last decade, over 40 inherited human glycosylation disorders were identified. Most patients have hypomorphic, rather than null alleles. The phenotypic spectrum is... (Review)
Review
In the last decade, over 40 inherited human glycosylation disorders were identified. Most patients have hypomorphic, rather than null alleles. The phenotypic spectrum is broad and most of the disorders affect embryonic and early post-natal development; a few appear in adult life. Some deficiencies can be treated with simple dietary sugar (monosaccharide) supplements. Here we focus on four glycosylation disorders that have been treated with supplements in patients or in model systems, primarily the mouse. Surprisingly, small differences in the amount of exogenous sugar have a major impact on the diseases in specific cells or organs while others are unaffected. The underlying mechanisms are mostly unknown, but changes in the contributions of the de novo, salvage and dietary pathways may contribute to the beneficial outcome. Clearly, the metabolic chart is not flat; all arrows are not equally robust at all points of time and space. This metabolic perspective may help explain some of these observations and guide the development of other vertebrate models of glycosylation disorders that can respond to dietary manipulation.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Glycosylation; Humans; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Monosaccharides; Phenotype; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 20363348
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.03.011