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Viruses Feb 2021Viruses are highly dependent on the host they infect. Their dependence triggers processes of virus-host co-adaptation, enabling viruses to explore host resources whilst... (Review)
Review
Viruses are highly dependent on the host they infect. Their dependence triggers processes of virus-host co-adaptation, enabling viruses to explore host resources whilst escaping immunity. Scientists have tackled viral-host interplay at differing levels of complexity-in individual hosts, organs, tissues and cells-and seminal studies advanced our understanding about viral lifecycles, intra- or inter-species transmission, and means to control infections. Recently, it emerged as important to address the physical properties of the materials in biological systems; membrane-bound organelles are only one of many ways to separate molecules from the cellular milieu. By achieving a type of compartmentalization lacking membranes known as biomolecular condensates, biological systems developed alternative mechanisms of controlling reactions. The identification that many biological condensates display liquid properties led to the proposal that liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) drives their formation. The concept of LLPS is a paradigm shift in cellular structure and organization. There is an unprecedented momentum to revisit long-standing questions in virology and to explore novel antiviral strategies. In the first part of this review, we focus on the state-of-the-art about biomolecular condensates. In the second part, we capture what is known about RNA virus-phase biology and discuss future perspectives of this emerging field in virology.
Topics: Animals; Biophysical Phenomena; HIV; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Influenza A virus; Morbillivirus; Organelles; SARS-CoV-2; Vesiculovirus; Virus Diseases; Virus Internalization; Virus Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 33669141
DOI: 10.3390/v13030366 -
Viruses Aug 2019Peste des Petits Ruminant (PPR) is an important transboundary, OIE-listed contagious viral disease of primarily sheep and goats caused by the PPR virus (PPRV), which... (Review)
Review
Peste des Petits Ruminant (PPR) is an important transboundary, OIE-listed contagious viral disease of primarily sheep and goats caused by the PPR virus (PPRV), which belongs to the genus of the family Paramyxoviridae. The mortality rate is 90-100%, and the morbidity rate may reach up to 100%. PPR is considered economically important as it decreases the production and productivity of livestock. In many endemic poor countries, it has remained an obstacle to the development of sustainable agriculture. Hence, proper control measures have become a necessity to prevent its rapid spread across the world. For this, detailed information on the pathogenesis of the virus and the virus host interaction through cellular receptors needs to be understood clearly. Presently, two cellular receptors; signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) and Nectin-4 are known for PPRV. However, extensive information on virus interactions with these receptors and their impact on host immune response is still required. Hence, a thorough understanding of PPRV receptors and the mechanism involved in the induction of immunosuppression is crucial for controlling PPR. In this review, we discuss PPRV cellular receptors, viral host interaction with cellular receptors, and immunosuppression induced by the virus with reference to other Morbilliviruses.
Topics: Animals; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Host Specificity; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Immunity; Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants; Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus; Protein Binding; Receptors, Cell Surface; Receptors, Virus; Signal Transduction; Structure-Activity Relationship; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 31398809
DOI: 10.3390/v11080729 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Aug 2013Rinderpest was a devastating disease of livestock responsible for continent-wide famine and poverty. Centuries of veterinary advances culminated in 2011 with the UN Food... (Review)
Review
Rinderpest was a devastating disease of livestock responsible for continent-wide famine and poverty. Centuries of veterinary advances culminated in 2011 with the UN Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Organization for Animal Health declaring global eradication of rinderpest; only the second disease to be eradicated and the greatest veterinary achievement of our time. Conventional control measures, principally mass vaccination combined with zoosanitary procedures, led to substantial declines in the incidence of rinderpest. However, during the past decades, innovative strategies were deployed for the last mile to overcome diagnostic and surveillance challenges, unanticipated variations in virus pathogenicity, circulation of disease in wildlife populations and to service remote and nomadic communities in often-unstable states. This review provides an overview of these challenges, describes how they were overcome and identifies key factors for this success.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Disease Eradication; Epidemiological Monitoring; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Mass Vaccination; Morbillivirus; Rinderpest
PubMed: 23798687
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0139 -
Viruses Oct 2016Morbilliviruses share considerable structural and functional similarities. Even though disease severity varies among the respective host species, the underlying... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Morbilliviruses share considerable structural and functional similarities. Even though disease severity varies among the respective host species, the underlying pathogenesis and the clinical signs are comparable. Thus, insights gained with one morbillivirus often apply to the other members of the genus. Since the (CDV) causes severe and often lethal disease in dogs and ferrets, it is an attractive model to characterize morbillivirus pathogenesis mechanisms and to evaluate the efficacy of new prophylactic and therapeutic approaches. This review compares the cellular tropism, pathogenesis, mechanisms of persistence and immunosuppression of the (MeV) and CDV. It then summarizes the contributions made by studies on the CDV in dogs and ferrets to our understanding of MeV pathogenesis and to vaccine and drugs development.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Distemper Virus, Canine; Dogs; Ferrets; Humans; Immune Evasion; Immune Tolerance; Measles virus; Viral Tropism
PubMed: 27727184
DOI: 10.3390/v8100274 -
Viruses May 2020Feline morbillivirus (FeMV) was first isolated in stray cats in Hong Kong in 2012. Since its discovery, the virus has been reported in domestic cats worldwide, including... (Review)
Review
Feline morbillivirus (FeMV) was first isolated in stray cats in Hong Kong in 2012. Since its discovery, the virus has been reported in domestic cats worldwide, including in Hong Kong, Japan, Italy, US, Brazil, Turkey, UK, Germany, and Malaysia. FeMV is classified in the genus within the family. FeMV research has focused primarily on determining the host range, symptoms, and characteristics of persistent infections in vitro. Importantly, there is a potential association between FeMV infection and feline kidney diseases, such as tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) and chronic kidney diseases (CKD), which are known to significantly affect feline health and survival. However, the tropism and viral entry mechanism(s) of FeMV remain unknown. In this review, we summarize the FeMV studies up to date, including the discoveries of various FeMV strains, basic virology, pathogenicity, and disease signs.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Kidney Diseases; Morbillivirus; Morbillivirus Infections; Paramyxoviridae
PubMed: 32370044
DOI: 10.3390/v12050501 -
International Journal of Paleopathology Mar 2019Canine distemper virus (CDV), human measles virus (HMV), and rinderpest virus (RPV) of cattle are morbilliviruses that have caused devastating outbreaks for centuries.... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Canine distemper virus (CDV), human measles virus (HMV), and rinderpest virus (RPV) of cattle are morbilliviruses that have caused devastating outbreaks for centuries. This paper seeks to reconstruct the evolutionary history of CDV.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An interdisciplinary approach is adopted, synthesizing paleopathological analysis of 96 Pre-Columbian dogs (750-1470 CE) from the Weyanoke Old Town, Virginia site, with historical reports, molecular analysis and morbilliviral epidemiology.
RESULTS
Both measles (c.900CE) and rinderpest (c. 376 BCE) were first reported in Eurasia, while canine distemper was initially described in South America much later (1735 CE); there are no paleopathological indications of CDV in Weyanoke Old Town dogs. Molecularly, CDV is closely related to HMV, while viral codon usage indicates CDV may have previously infected humans; South American measles epidemics occurred prior to the emergence of canine distemper and would have facilitated HMV transmission and adaptation to dogs.
CONCLUSIONS
The measles epidemics that decimated indigenous South American populations in the 1500-1700 s likely facilitated the establishment of CDV as a canine pathogen, which eventually spread to Europe and beyond.
SIGNIFICANCE
Understanding the historical and environmental conditions that have driven morbilliviral evolution provides important insights into potential future threats of animal/human cross-species infections.
LIMITATIONS
Interpreting historical disease descriptions is difficult and the archaeological specimens are limited. Molecular sequence data and codon usage analyses rely on modern viruses.
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
Interdisciplinary approaches are increasingly needed to understand diseases of the past and present, as critical information and knowledge is scattered in different disciplines.
Topics: Animals; Codon Usage; Distemper; Distemper Virus, Canine; Dogs; Europe; History, 16th Century; History, 17th Century; History, 18th Century; History, Ancient; Humans; Interdisciplinary Research; Measles virus; Morbillivirus; Paleopathology; Phylogeny; Rinderpest virus; South America; Virginia
PubMed: 30743216
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.12.007 -
Viruses Apr 2021Feline morbillivirus (FeMV) was identified for the first time in stray cats in 2012 in Hong Kong and, since its discovery, it was reported in domestic cats worldwide.... (Review)
Review
Feline morbillivirus (FeMV) was identified for the first time in stray cats in 2012 in Hong Kong and, since its discovery, it was reported in domestic cats worldwide. Although a potential association between FeMV infection and tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) has been suggested, this has not been proven, and the subject remains controversial. TIN is the most frequent histopathological finding in the context of feline chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is one of the major clinical pathologies in feline medicine. FeMV research has mainly focused on defining the epidemiology, the role of FeMV in the development of CKD, and its in vitro tropism, but the pathogenicity of FeMV is still not clear, partly due to its distinctive biological characteristics, as well as to a lack of a cell culture system for its rapid isolation. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of FeMV infection, including genetic diversity of FeMV strains, epidemiology, pathogenicity, and clinicopathological findings observed in naturally infected cats.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Kidney; Morbillivirus; Morbillivirus Infections; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
PubMed: 33921104
DOI: 10.3390/v13040683 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2018
Review
Topics: Animals; Brucella; Cetacea; Herpesviridae; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Morbillivirus
PubMed: 30546370
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02815 -
Biomedica : Revista Del Instituto... Apr 2017Introducción. El virus del Zika (ZIKV) es un flavivirus con envoltura, transmitido a los seres humanos principalmente por el vector Aedes aegypti. La infección por...
Introducción. El virus del Zika (ZIKV) es un flavivirus con envoltura, transmitido a los seres humanos principalmente por el vector Aedes aegypti. La infección por ZIKV se ha asociado con un gran neurotropismo y con efectos neuropáticos, como el síndrome de Guillain-Barré en el adulto y la microcefalia fetal y posnatal, así como con un síndrome de infección congénita similar al producido por el virus de la rubéola (RV).Objetivo. Comparar las estructuras moleculares de la proteína de envoltura E del virus del Zika (E-ZIKV) y de la E1 del virus de la rubéola (E1-RV), y plantear posibles implicaciones en el neurotropismo y en las alteraciones del sistema nervioso asociadas con el ZIKV.Materiales y métodos. La secuencia de aminoácidos de la proteína E-ZIKV (PDB: 5iZ7) se alineó con la de la glucopreteína E1 del virus de la rubéola (PDB: 4ADG). Los elementos de la estructura secundaria se determinaron usando los programas Vector NTI Advance®, DSSP y POSA, así como herramientas de gestión de datos (AlignX®). Uno de los criterios principales de comparación y alineación fue la asignación de residuos estructuralmente equivalentes, con más de 70 % de identidad.Resultados. La organización estructural de la proteína E-ZIKV (PDB: 5iZ7) fue similar a la de E1-RV (PDB: 4ADG) (70 a 80 % de identidad), y se observó una correspondencia con la estructura definida para las glucoproteínas de fusión de membrana de clase II de los virus con envoltura. E-ZIKV y E1-RV exhibieron elementos estructurales de fusión muy conservados en la región distal del dominio II, asociados con la unión a los receptores celulares de entrada del virus de la rubéola (glucoproteína de mielina del oligodendrocito, Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein, MOG), y con los receptores celulares Axl del ZIKV y de otros flavivirus.Conclusión. La comparación de las proteínas E-ZIKV y E1-RV es un paso necesario hacia la definición de otros factores moleculares determinantes del neurotropismo y la patogenia del ZIKV, el cual puede contribuir a generar estrategias de diagnóstico, prevención y tratamiento de las complicaciones neurológicas inducidas por el ZIKV.
Topics: Humans; Measles virus; Molecular Biology; Serine Endopeptidases; Viral Envelope Proteins; Viral Proteins; Zika Virus
PubMed: 28527274
DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v37i0.3807 -
Yakugaku Zasshi : Journal of the... 2013The genus Morbillivirus includes measles virus, canine distemper virus and rinderpest virus. These are highly contagious and exhibit high mortality. These viruses have... (Review)
Review
The genus Morbillivirus includes measles virus, canine distemper virus and rinderpest virus. These are highly contagious and exhibit high mortality. These viruses have the attachment glycoprotein, hemagglutinin (H), at the virus surface, which bind to signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) and Nectin 4 as receptors for the entry. However, the molecular mechanism for this entry has been limitedly understood. Here we summarize the current topics, (1) newly identified receptor, Nectin 4, (2) crystal structures of H-receptor complexes and (3) detail biochemical studies of the H-F communication for the entry. These provide insight on the mechanism of morbillivirus entry event and furthermore drug developments.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, CD; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Crystallization; Drug Design; Hemagglutinins, Viral; Humans; Membrane Fusion; Morbillivirus; Morbillivirus Infections; Protein Binding; Protein Structure, Quaternary; Receptors, Cell Surface; Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Member 1; Viral Envelope Proteins; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 23649396
DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.13-00001-5