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Viruses Oct 2019Canine distemper virus (CDV) and phocine distemper (PDV) are closely-related members of the family, genus , in the order . CDV has a broad host range among carnivores.... (Review)
Review
Canine distemper virus (CDV) and phocine distemper (PDV) are closely-related members of the family, genus , in the order . CDV has a broad host range among carnivores. PDV is thought to be derived from CDV through contact between terrestrial carnivores and seals. PDV has caused extensive mortality in Atlantic seals and other marine mammals, and more recently has spread to the North Pacific Ocean. CDV also infects marine carnivores, and there is evidence of infection of seals and other species in Antarctica. Recently, CDV has spread to felines and other wildlife species in the Serengeti and South Africa. Some CDV vaccines may also have caused wildlife disease. Changes in the virus haemagglutinin (H) protein, particularly the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) receptor binding site, correlate with adaptation to non-canine hosts. Differences in the phosphoprotein (P) gene sequences between disease and non-disease causing CDV strains may relate to pathogenicity in domestic dogs and wildlife. Of most concern are reports of CDV infection and disease in non-human primates raising the possibility of zoonosis. In this article we review the global occurrence of CDV and PDV, and present both historical and genetic information relating to these viruses crossing species barriers.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Cats; Cetacea; Climate Change; Distemper Virus, Canine; Distemper Virus, Phocine; Dogs; Host Specificity; Morbillivirus; Morbillivirus Infections; Pets; Primates; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 31615092
DOI: 10.3390/v11100944 -
Viruses Jun 2014PVRL4 (nectin-4) was recently identified as the epithelial receptor for members of the Morbillivirus genus, including measles virus, canine distemper virus and peste des... (Review)
Review
PVRL4 (nectin-4) was recently identified as the epithelial receptor for members of the Morbillivirus genus, including measles virus, canine distemper virus and peste des petits ruminants virus. Here, we describe the role of PVRL4 in morbillivirus pathogenesis and its promising use in cancer therapies. This discovery establishes a new paradigm for the spread of virus from lymphocytes to airway epithelial cells and its subsequent release into the environment. Measles virus vaccine strains have emerged as a promising oncolytic platform for cancer therapy in the last ten years. Given that PVRL4 is a well-known tumor-associated marker for several adenocarcinoma (lung, breast and ovary), the measles virus could potentially be used to specifically target, infect and destroy cancers expressing PVRL4.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Measles virus; Morbillivirus; Morbillivirus Infections; Neoplasms; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Oncolytic Viruses; Receptors, Virus; Virus Internalization
PubMed: 24892636
DOI: 10.3390/v6062268 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine May 2018Feline morbillivirus (FeMV) is associated with the presence of tubulo-interstitial nephritis (TIN) in cats, however the seroprevalence of FeMV in the UK and the...
BACKGROUND
Feline morbillivirus (FeMV) is associated with the presence of tubulo-interstitial nephritis (TIN) in cats, however the seroprevalence of FeMV in the UK and the association between the presence of FeMV and renal azotemia is unknown HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To identify whether paramyxoviruses are present in urine samples of geriatric cats and to develop an assay to assess FeMV seroprevalence. To investigate the relationship between both urinary paramyxovirus (including FeMV) excretion and FeMV seroprevalence and azotemic chronic kidney disease (CKD).
ANIMALS
Seventy-nine cats (40 for FeMV detection; 72 for seroprevalence).
METHODS
Retrospective cross-sectional, case control study. Viral RNA was extracted from urine for RT-PCR. PCR products were sequenced for virus identification and comparison. The FeMV N protein gene was cloned and partially purified for use as an antigen to screen cat sera for anti-FeMV antibodies by Western Blot.
RESULTS
Feline morbillivirus RNA from five distinct morbilliviruses were identified. Detection was not significantly different between azotemic CKD (1/16) and nonazotemic groups (4/24; P = .36). Three distinct, non-FeMV paramyxoviruses were present in the nonazotemic group but their absence from the azotemic group was not statistically significant (P = .15). 6/14 (43%) azotemic cats and 40/55 (73%) nonazotemic cats were seropositive (P = .06).
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Feline morbillivirus was detected in cats in the UK for the First time. However, there was no association between virus prevalence or seropositivity and azotemic CKD. These data do not support the hypothesis that FeMV infection is associated with the development of azotemic CKD in cats in the UK.
Topics: Animals; Azotemia; Case-Control Studies; Cat Diseases; Cats; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Male; Morbillivirus; Morbillivirus Infections; Paramyxoviridae; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Retrospective Studies; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Seroepidemiologic Studies; United Kingdom
PubMed: 29572949
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15097 -
Viruses Dec 2014Phocine distemper virus (PDV) was first recognized in 1988 following a massive epidemic in harbor and grey seals in north-western Europe. Since then, the epidemiology of... (Review)
Review
Phocine distemper virus (PDV) was first recognized in 1988 following a massive epidemic in harbor and grey seals in north-western Europe. Since then, the epidemiology of infection in North Atlantic and Arctic pinnipeds has been investigated. In the western North Atlantic endemic infection in harp and grey seals predates the European epidemic, with relatively small, localized mortality events occurring primarily in harbor seals. By contrast, PDV seems not to have become established in European harbor seals following the 1988 epidemic and a second event of similar magnitude and extent occurred in 2002. PDV is a distinct species within the Morbillivirus genus with minor sequence variation between outbreaks over time. There is now mounting evidence of PDV-like viruses in the North Pacific/Western Arctic with serological and molecular evidence of infection in pinnipeds and sea otters. However, despite the absence of associated mortality in the region, there is concern that the virus may infect the large Pacific harbor seal and northern elephant seal populations or the endangered Hawaiian monk seals. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on PDV with particular focus on developments in diagnostics, pathogenesis, immune response, vaccine development, phylogenetics and modeling over the past 20 years.
Topics: Animals; Caniformia; Distemper; Distemper Virus, Phocine; Otters
PubMed: 25533658
DOI: 10.3390/v6125093 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2020Dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) is considered an emerging threat having caused several epidemics worldwide. Only few DMV genomes are publicly available. Here, we report the...
Dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) is considered an emerging threat having caused several epidemics worldwide. Only few DMV genomes are publicly available. Here, we report the use of target enrichment directly from cetacean tissues to obtain novel DMV genome sequences, with sequence comparison and phylodynamic analysis. RNA from 15 tissue samples of cetaceans stranded along the Italian and French coasts (2008-2017) was purified and processed using custom probes (by bait hybridization) for target enrichment and sequenced on Illumina MiSeq. Data were mapped against the reference genome, and the novel sequences were aligned to the available genome sequences. The alignment was then used for phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis using MrBayes and BEAST. We herein report that target enrichment by specific capture may be a successful strategy for whole-genome sequencing of DMV directly from field samples. By this strategy, 14 complete and one partially complete genomes were obtained, with reads mapping to the virus up to 98% and coverage up to 7800X. The phylogenetic tree well discriminated the Mediterranean and the NE-Atlantic strains, circulating in the Mediterranean Sea and causing two different epidemics (2008-2015 and 2014-2017, respectively), with a limited time overlap of the two strains, sharing a common ancestor approximately in 1998.
Topics: Animals; Base Sequence; Cetacea; Dolphins; France; Genome, Viral; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Italy; Mediterranean Sea; Metagenomics; Morbillivirus; Morbillivirus Infections; Phylogeny; Phylogeography; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 33257791
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77835-z -
Journal of Molecular Microbiology and... 2016Systems biology refers to system-wide changes in biological components such as RNA/DNA (genomics), protein (proteomics) and lipids (lipidomics). In this review, we... (Review)
Review
Systems biology refers to system-wide changes in biological components such as RNA/DNA (genomics), protein (proteomics) and lipids (lipidomics). In this review, we provide comprehensive information about morbillivirus replication. Besides discussing the role of individual viral/host proteins in virus replication, we also discuss how systems-level analyses could improve our understanding of morbillivirus replication, host-pathogen interaction, immune response and disease resistance. Finally, we discuss how viroinformatics is likely to provide important insights for understanding genome-genome, genome-protein and protein-protein interactions.
Topics: Computational Biology; Disease Resistance; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Morbillivirus; Systems Biology; Virus Replication
PubMed: 27607146
DOI: 10.1159/000448842 -
Viruses Jul 2022The canine distemper virus (CDV) is a morbillivirus that infects a broad range of terrestrial carnivores, predominantly canines, and is associated with high mortality.... (Review)
Review
The canine distemper virus (CDV) is a morbillivirus that infects a broad range of terrestrial carnivores, predominantly canines, and is associated with high mortality. Similar to another morbillivirus, measles virus, which infects humans and nonhuman primates, CDV transmission from an infected host to a naïve host depends on two cellular receptors, namely, the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM or CD150) and the adherens junction protein nectin-4 (also known as PVRL4). CDV can also invade the central nervous system by anterograde spread through olfactory nerves or in infected lymphocytes through the circulation, thus causing chronic progressive or relapsing demyelination of the brain. However, the absence of the two receptors in the white matter, primary cultured astrocytes, and neurons in the brain was recently demonstrated. Furthermore, a SLAM/nectin-4-blind recombinant CDV exhibits full cell-to-cell transmission in primary astrocytes. This strongly suggests the existence of a third CDV receptor expressed in neural cells, possibly glial cells. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the study of CDV receptors, highlighting the unidentified glial receptor and its contribution to pathogenicity in the host nervous system. The reviewed studies focus on CDV neuropathogenesis, and neural receptors may provide promising directions for the treatment of neurological diseases caused by CDV. We also present an overview of other neurotropic viruses to promote further research and identification of CDV neural receptors.
Topics: Animals; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Distemper; Distemper Virus, Canine; Dogs; Nectins; Receptors, Virus
PubMed: 35891500
DOI: 10.3390/v14071520 -
Current Opinion in Virology Apr 2020Like measles virus (MV), whose primary hosts are humans, non-human animal morbilliviruses use SLAM (signaling lymphocytic activation molecule) and PVRL4 (nectin-4)... (Review)
Review
Like measles virus (MV), whose primary hosts are humans, non-human animal morbilliviruses use SLAM (signaling lymphocytic activation molecule) and PVRL4 (nectin-4) expressed on immune and epithelial cells, respectively, as receptors. PVRL4's amino acid sequence is highly conserved across species, while that of SLAM varies significantly. However, non-host animal SLAMs often function as receptors for different morbilliviruses. Uniquely, human SLAM is somewhat specific for MV, but canine distemper virus, which shows the widest host range among morbilliviruses, readily gains the ability to use human SLAM. The host range for morbilliviruses is also modulated by their ability to counteract the host's innate immunity, but the risk of cross-species transmission of non-human animal morbilliviruses to humans could occur if MV is successfully eradicated.
Topics: Animals; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Host Specificity; Humans; Morbillivirus; Morbillivirus Infections; Receptors, Virus; Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Member 1; Viral Zoonoses
PubMed: 32344228
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.03.005 -
Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy Mar 2017Oncolytic viruses represent a novel treatment modality that is unencumbered by the standard resistance mechanisms limiting the therapeutic efficacy of conventional... (Review)
Review
Oncolytic viruses represent a novel treatment modality that is unencumbered by the standard resistance mechanisms limiting the therapeutic efficacy of conventional antineoplastic agents. Attenuated engineered measles virus strains derived from the Edmonston vaccine lineage have undergone extensive preclinical evaluation with significant antitumor activity observed in a broad range of preclinical tumoral models. These have laid the foundation for several clinical trials in both solid and hematologic malignancies, which have demonstrated safety, biologic activity and the ability to elicit antitumor immune responses. Areas covered: This review examines the published preclinical data which supported the clinical translation of this therapeutic platform, reviews the available clinical trial data and expands on ongoing phase II testing. It also looks at approaches to optimize clinical applicability and offers future perspectives. Expert opinion: Reverse genetic engineering has allowed the generation of oncolytic MV strains retargeted to increase viral tumor specificity, or armed with therapeutic and immunomodulatory genes in order to enhance anti-tumor efficacy. Continuous efforts focusing on exploring methods to overcome resistance pathways and determining optimal combinatorial strategies will facilitate further development of this encouraging antitumor strategy.
Topics: Animals; Genetic Engineering; Humans; Measles virus; Neoplasms; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Oncolytic Viruses
PubMed: 28129716
DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1288713 -
Current Topics in Microbiology and... 2009The ferret is a standard laboratory animal that can be accommodated in most animal facilities. While not susceptible to measles, ferrets are a natural host of canine... (Review)
Review
The ferret is a standard laboratory animal that can be accommodated in most animal facilities. While not susceptible to measles, ferrets are a natural host of canine distemper virus (CDV), the closely related carnivore morbillivirus. CDV infection in ferrets reproduces all clinical signs associated with measles in humans, including the typical rash, fever, general immunosuppression, gastrointestinal and respiratory involvement, and neurological complications. Due to this similarity, experimental CDV infection of ferrets is frequently used to assess the efficacy of novel vaccines, and to characterize pathogenesis mechanisms. In addition, direct intracranial inoculation of measles isolates from subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) patients results in an SSPE-like disease in animals that survive the acute phase. Since the advent of reverse genetics systems that allow the targeted manipulation of viral genomes, the model has been used to evaluate the contribution of the accessory proteins C and V, and signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)-binding to immunosuppression and overall pathogenesis. Similarly produced green fluorescent protein-expressing derivatives that maintain parental virulence have been instrumental in the direct visualization of systemic dissemination and neuroinvasion. As more immunological tools become available for this model, its contribution to our understanding of morbillivirus-host interactions is expected to increase.
Topics: Animals; Central Nervous System Viral Diseases; Disease Models, Animal; Distemper Virus, Canine; Ferrets; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Measles virus; Morbillivirus Infections
PubMed: 19203105
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-70617-5_4