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The European Respiratory Journal Sep 2017
Topics: Humans; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Phenotype
PubMed: 28954776
DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01380-2017 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Apr 2022Nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) infections are increasing in the USA and have a high cost burden associated with treatment. Thus, it is necessary to understand what...
Nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) infections are increasing in the USA and have a high cost burden associated with treatment. Thus, it is necessary to understand what changes could be contributing to this increase in NTM disease rate. Water samples from 40 sites were collected from around the USA. They represented three water types: groundwater disinfected with chlorine and surface water disinfected with chlorine or monochloramine. Two methods, culture and qPCR, were used to measure M. avium and M. intracellulare. Heterotrophic bacteria and NTM counts were also measured. M. avium and M. intracellulare were molecularly detected in 25% (73/292) and 35% (102/292) of samples. The mean concentrations of M. avium and M. intracellulare were 2.8 × 10 and 4.0 × 10 genomic units (GU) L. The Northeast sites had the highest sample positively rate for both M. avium and M. intracellulare. The highest NTM counts and M. avium concentrations were observed in the surface water treated with chloramine. Geographic location and source water/disinfectant type were observed to significantly influence M. avium and M. intracellulare occurrence rates. These studies can help improve public health risk management by balancing disinfectant treatments and diverse microbial loads in drinking water. KEY POINTS: • M. avium (MA) culture rate increased significantly: 1% (1999) to 13%. • Culture versus qPCR method: 13% vs 31% for MA and 6% vs 35% for MI. • The results of each method type tell two different stories of MA and MI occurrence.
Topics: Chlorine; Disinfectants; Drinking Water; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium Complex
PubMed: 35298694
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11849-7 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Mar 2019Attention to environmental sources of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection is a vital component of disease prevention and control. We investigated MAC...
Attention to environmental sources of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection is a vital component of disease prevention and control. We investigated MAC colonization of household plumbing in suburban Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. We used variable-number tandem-repeat genotyping and whole-genome sequencing with core genome single-nucleotide variant analysis to compare M. avium from household plumbing biofilms with M. avium isolates from patient respiratory specimens. M. avium was recovered from 30 (81.1%) of 37 households, including 19 (90.5%) of 21 M. avium patient households. For 11 (52.4%) of 21 patients with M. avium disease, isolates recovered from their respiratory and household samples were of the same genotype. Within the same community, 18 (85.7%) of 21 M. avium respiratory isolates genotypically matched household plumbing isolates. Six predominant genotypes were recovered across multiple households and respiratory specimens. M. avium colonizing municipal water and household plumbing may be a substantial source of MAC pulmonary infection.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Environmental Microbiology; Female; Genotype; History, 21st Century; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Minisatellite Repeats; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Philadelphia; Phylogeny; Public Health Surveillance; Water Microbiology; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 30789130
DOI: 10.3201/eid2503.180336 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2018subsp. is responsible for paratuberculosis in animals. This disease, leading to an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, has a high impact on animal health and...
subsp. is responsible for paratuberculosis in animals. This disease, leading to an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, has a high impact on animal health and an important economic burden. The environmental life cycle of subsp. is poorly understood and several studies suggest that free-living amoebae (FLA) might be a potential environmental host. FLA are protozoa found in water and soil that are described as reservoirs of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria in the environment. Indeed, bacteria able to survive within these amoebae would survive phagocytosis from immune cells. In this study, we assessed the interactions between several strains of subsp. and . The results indicate that the bacteria were able to grow within the amoeba and that they can survive for several days within their host. To explore the presence of subsp. in environmental amoebae, we sampled water from farms positive for paratuberculosis. A subsp. strain was detected within an environmental amoeba identified as related to the poorly described genus. The bacterial strain was genotyped, showing that it was similar to previous infectious strains isolated from cattle. In conclusion, we described that various subsp. strains were able to grow within amoebae and that these bacteria could be found on farm within amoebae isolated from the cattle environment. It validates that infected amoebae might be a reservoir and vector for the transmission of subsp. .
Topics: Amoeba; Animals; Environmental Microbiology; Genome, Bacterial; Genotype; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Paratuberculosis; Phagosomes; Tandem Repeat Sequences
PubMed: 29479518
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00028 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Apr 2018subsp. mainly causes disseminated infection in immunocompromised hosts, such as individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and pulmonary infection...
subsp. mainly causes disseminated infection in immunocompromised hosts, such as individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and pulmonary infection in immunocompetent hosts. However, many aspects of the different types of subsp. infection remain unclear. We examined the antibiotic susceptibilities and genotypes of subsp. isolates from different hosts by performing drug susceptibility testing using eight antibiotics (clarithromycin, rifampin, ethambutol, streptomycin, kanamycin, amikacin, ethionamide, and levofloxacin) and variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) typing analysis for 46 isolates from the sputa of HIV-negative patients with pulmonary subsp. disease without previous antibiotic treatment and 30 isolates from the blood of HIV-positive patients with disseminated subsp. disease. Interestingly, isolates from pulmonary subsp. disease patients were more resistant to seven of the eight drugs, with the exception being rifampin, than isolates from HIV-positive patients. Moreover, VNTR typing analysis showed that the strains examined in this study were roughly classified into three clusters, and the genetic distance from reference strain 104 for isolates from pulmonary subsp. disease patients was statistically significantly different from that for isolates from HIV-positive patients ( = 0.0018), suggesting that subsp. strains that cause pulmonary and disseminated disease have genetically distinct features. Significant differences in susceptibility to seven of the eight drugs, with the exception being ethambutol, were noted among the three clusters. Collectively, these results suggest that an association between the type of subsp. infection, drug susceptibility, and the VNTR genotype and the properties of subsp. strains associated with the development of pulmonary disease are involved in higher levels of antibiotic resistance.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Genotype; Humans; Lung Diseases; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium avium; Tandem Repeat Sequences
PubMed: 29378709
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02035-17 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Sep 2023Mycobacterium avium is a zoonotic pathogen associated with a wide range of pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations in a range of host species like humans, animals,...
Mycobacterium avium is a zoonotic pathogen associated with a wide range of pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations in a range of host species like humans, animals, and birds. The disease is more common in the avian population, and opportunistic infections have been reported in immune-compromised or debilitated animals and humans. This study reports the pathological and molecular identification of Mycobacterium avium causing avian mycobacteriosis in a loft of domestic pigeons (Columba livia var. domestica). Out of 30 pigeons aged 2-3 years, ten adult racing pigeons revealed a severe chronic and debilitating disease followed by death. The clinical signs included chronic emaciation, dullness, ruffled feathers, lameness, and greenish, watery diarrhea. Post-mortem examination of birds revealed multifocal gray- to yellow-colored raised nodules in the liver parenchyma, spleen, lungs, intestines, bone marrow, and joints. Avian mycobacteriosis was suspected based on the tissue impression smears stained by Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Histopathological examination also revealed multifocal granulomatous lesions in affected organs, which is characteristic of avian mycobacteriosis. The PCR analysis based on 16S rRNA, IS1245, and IS901 regions suggested the presence of Mycobacterium avium infection belonging to either subspecies avium or sylvaticum. This is the first detailed report of avian mycobacteriosis in pigeons from India, warranting a strict surveillance program to identify the carrier status of these microorganisms in the pigeons, which may prove a fatal zoonotic infection in humans.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Columbidae; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Mycobacterium avium; Liver; Lung
PubMed: 37227627
DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01012-3 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Apr 2001Johne's disease, or paratuberculosis, is a chronic intestinal infection caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The usually fatal disease is characterised... (Review)
Review
Johne's disease, or paratuberculosis, is a chronic intestinal infection caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The usually fatal disease is characterised by cachexia, and in some species diarrhoea, after a long pre-clinical phase. Treatment is ineffective and economically impracticable. The infection primarily affects domestic and free-ranging ruminants, but has also been reported in primates, rabbits, stoats and foxes. Since paratuberculosis is often subclinical, under-reporting is suspected, even though the disease is notifiable in numerous countries. Herd prevalence of bovine paratuberculosis in Europe ranges from 7% to 55%. In the United States of America, herd prevalence is strongly associated with herd size; 40% of herds of more than 300 head were found to be infected. In Australia, reported dairy herd infection rates range between 9% and 22%. Paratuberculosis in domestic livestock entails significant economic losses due to several factors (e.g. reduced production, premature culling and increased veterinary costs). Free-ranging and captive wildlife are also at risk from paratuberculosis.
Topics: Animals; Feces; Immunity; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Paratuberculosis; Prevalence; Ruminants; Virulence; Zoonoses
PubMed: 11288509
DOI: 10.20506/rst.20.1.1275 -
BioMed Research International 2014The lprG-p55 operon of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis is involved in the transport of toxic compounds. P55 is an efflux pump that provides resistance...
The lprG-p55 operon of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis is involved in the transport of toxic compounds. P55 is an efflux pump that provides resistance to several drugs, while LprG is a lipoprotein that modulates the host's immune response against mycobacteria. The knockout mutation of this operon severely reduces the replication of both mycobacterial species during infection in mice and increases susceptibility to toxic compounds. In order to gain insight into the function of LprG in the Mycobacterium avium complex, in this study, we assayed the effect of the deletion of lprG gene in the D4ER strain of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium. The replacement of lprG gene with a hygromycin cassette caused a polar effect on the expression of p55. Also, a twofold decrease in ethidium bromide susceptibility was observed and the resistance to the antibiotics rifampicin, amikacin, linezolid, and rifabutin was impaired in the mutant strain. In addition, the mutation decreased the virulence of the bacteria in macrophages in vitro and in a mice model in vivo. These findings clearly indicate that functional LprG and P55 are necessary for the correct transport of toxic compounds and for the survival of MAA in vitro and in vivo.
Topics: Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Biological Transport, Active; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Lipoproteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Microbial Viability; Mycobacterium avium; Operon; Tuberculosis; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 24967408
DOI: 10.1155/2014/809585 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Apr 2014Mycobacterium avium is abundant in the environment. It has four subspecies of three types: the human or porcine type, M. avium subsp. hominissuis; the bird type,...
Mycobacterium avium is abundant in the environment. It has four subspecies of three types: the human or porcine type, M. avium subsp. hominissuis; the bird type, including M. avium subsp. avium serotype 1 and serotype 2, 3 (also M. avium subsp. silvaticum); and the ruminant type, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. We determined the subspecies of 257 M. avium strains isolated from patients at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center from 2001 to 2010 and assessed their clinical significance. An assay of multiplex PCR was used for the typing. Results showed M. avium subsp. hominissuis to be most common (n = 238, 92.6%), followed by M. avium subsp. avium serotype 1 (n = 12, 4.7%) and serotype 2, 3 (n = 7, 2.7%). No strains of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis were found. Of the 238 patients with M. avium subsp. hominissuis, 65 (27.3%) showed evidence of definite or probable infections, mostly in the respiratory tract, whereas the rest had weak evidence of infection. The bird-type subspecies, despite being infrequently isolated, caused relatively more definite and probable infections (10 of 19 strains, 52.6%). Overall, women of 50 years of age or older were more prone to M. avium infection than younger women or men of all ages were. We therefore conclude that M. avium subsp. hominissuis is the dominant M. avium subspecies clinically, that the two bird-type subspecies do cause human infections, and that M. avium infects mainly postmenopausal women. The lack of human clinical isolation of the ruminant type subspecies may need further investigation.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Female; Genotype; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Molecular Typing; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Mycobacterium avium; Prevalence; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sex Factors; Tuberculosis; Young Adult
PubMed: 24501026
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.03399-13 -
BMC Genomics Oct 2023To date genomic studies on Map have concentrated on Type C strains with only a few Type S strains included for comparison. In this study the entire pan-genome of 261 Map...
BACKGROUND
To date genomic studies on Map have concentrated on Type C strains with only a few Type S strains included for comparison. In this study the entire pan-genome of 261 Map genomes (205 Type C, 52 Type S and 4 Type B) and 7 Mycobacterium avium complex (Mac) genomes were analysed to identify genomic similarities and differences between the strains and provide more insight into the evolutionary relationship within this Mycobacterial species.
RESULTS
Our analysis of the core genome of all the Map isolates identified two distinct lineages, Type S and Type C Map that is consistent with previous phylogenetic studies of Map. Pan-genome analysis revealed that Map has a larger accessory genome than Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (Maa) and Type C Map has a larger accessory genome than Type S Map. In addition, we found large rearrangements within Type S strains of Map and little to none in Type C and Type B strains. There were 50 core genes identified that were unique to Type S Map and there were no unique core genes identified between Type B and Type C Map strains. In Type C Map we identified an additional CE10 CAZyme class which was identified as an alpha/beta hydrolase and an additional polyketide and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase cluster. Consistent with previous analysis no plasmids and only incomplete prophages were identified in the genomes of Map. There were 45 hypothetical CRISPR elements identified with no associated cas genes.
CONCLUSION
This is the most comprehensive comparison of the genomic content of Map isolates to date and included the closing of eight Map genomes. The analysis revealed that there is greater variation in gene synteny within Type S strains when compared to Type C indicating that the Type C Map strain emerged after Type S. Further analysis of Type C and Type B genomes revealed that they are structurally similar with little to no genetic variation and that Type B Map may be a distinct clade within Type C Map and not a different strain type of Map. The evolutionary lineage of Maa and Map was confirmed as emerging after M. hominissuis.
Topics: Animals; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Phylogeny; Genome; Synteny; Gene Rearrangement; Paratuberculosis; Mycobacterium avium
PubMed: 37907856
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09752-0