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International Journal of Infectious... Sep 2020Characteristics of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex pulmonary disease (MAC-PD) caused by distinct subspecies remain uncertain.
OBJECTIVES
Characteristics of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex pulmonary disease (MAC-PD) caused by distinct subspecies remain uncertain.
METHODS
This study was conducted from 2013-2015 in three hospitals in Taiwan.
RESULTS
Among the 144 patients with MAC-PD, 57 (39.6%), 37 (25.7%), 37 (25.7%), and 13 (9.0%) were infected with Mycobacterium intracellulare subspecies intracellulare (MIsI), Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis (MAsH), Mycobacterium intracellulare subspecies chimaera (MIsC), and others, respectively. Patients with MAsH-PD were younger (p = 0.010) with higher human immunodeficiency virus infection rates (27.0%, 0.0%, 0.0%, and 7.7% for MAsH-PD, MIsC-PD, MIsI-PD, and others, respectively; p < 0.001). Twenty-two (15.3%) patients reported spontaneous culture-negative conversion, but 15 (10.4%) and 33 (22.9%) patients developed radiographic progression and unfavorable outcomes, especially MAsH-PD. The susceptibility rates to clarithromycin and inhaled amikacin were both 98.6%. MAsH demonstrated the lowest rate of resistance to moxifloxacin (66.7%, 97.3%, 89.1%, and 92.3% for MAsH-PD, MIsC-PD, MIsI-PD, and others, respectively; p = 0.001) and MIsI isolates had the highest rate of resistance to intravenous amikacin (25%, 13.5%, 38.2%, and 15.4% for MAsH-PD, MIsC-PD, MIsI-PD, and others, respectively; p = 0.024).
CONCLUSIONS
Pulmonary disease caused by distinct MAC subspecies had different outcomes and drug susceptibility. The local prevalence of species needs to be monitored.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Amikacin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clarithromycin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Lung Diseases; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Moxifloxacin; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Taiwan; Young Adult
PubMed: 32534139
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.019 -
Virulence 2015Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis (MAH) is an opportunistic pathogen and causes nontuberculous infections in immune compromised individuals, an emerging problem...
Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis (MAH) is an opportunistic pathogen and causes nontuberculous infections in immune compromised individuals, an emerging problem that has been recognized worldwide. Understanding the pathogenesis of this organism is important as better treatment and prevention options are needed. Microaggregates form when two or more bacterial cells join at a surface. MAH forms micgroaggregates to promote its entry in to epithelial cells and cause infection. The mechanisms involved in the interaction between the microaggregate and the host are becoming clearer as the molecules involved in this process are being uncovered. Microaggregate Invasion Protein-1 (MIP-1) is now described as having a major role in the invasion of epithelial cells by MAH.
Topics: Animals; Epithelial Cells; Female; Humans; Mycobacterium avium
PubMed: 26364883
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1088633 -
The Veterinary Quarterly Dec 2019Mammalian cell entry () genes are the components of the operon and play a vital role in the entry of Mycobacteria into the mammalian cell and their survival within... (Review)
Review
Mammalian cell entry () genes are the components of the operon and play a vital role in the entry of Mycobacteria into the mammalian cell and their survival within phagocytes and epithelial cells. operons are present in the DNA of Mycobacteria and translate proteins associated with the invasion and long-term existence of these pathogens in macrophages. The exact mechanism of action of genes and their functions are not clear yet. However, with the loss of these genes Mycobacteria lose their pathogenicity. subspecies (MAP), the etiological agent of Johne's disease, is the cause of chronic enteritis of animals and significantly affects economic impact on the livestock industry. Since MAP is not inactivated during pasteurization, human population is continuously at the risk of getting exposed to MAP infection through consumption of dairy products. There is need for new candidate genes and/or proteins for developing improved diagnostic assays for the diagnosis of MAP infection and for the control of disease. Increasing evidences showed that expression of genes is important for the virulence of MAP. Whole-genome DNA microarray representing MAP revealed that there are 14 large sequence polymorphisms with LSPP12 being the most widely conserved MAPspecific region that included a cluster of six homologs of -family involved in lipid metabolism. On the other hand, LSP11 comprising part of 2 operon was absent in MAP isolates. This review summarizes the advancement of research on genes of Mycobacteria with special reference to the MAP infection.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Operon; Paratuberculosis; Virulence
PubMed: 31282842
DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2019.1641764 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Feb 2016Multidrug therapy is a standard practice when treating infections by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), but few treatment options exist. We conducted this study to...
Multidrug therapy is a standard practice when treating infections by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), but few treatment options exist. We conducted this study to define the drug-drug interaction between clofazimine and both amikacin and clarithromycin and its contribution to NTM treatment. Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium avium type strains were used. Time-kill assays for clofazimine alone and combined with amikacin or clarithromycin were performed at concentrations of 0.25× to 2× MIC. Pharmacodynamic interactions were assessed by response surface model of Bliss independence (RSBI) and isobolographic analysis of Loewe additivity (ISLA), calculating the percentage of statistically significant Bliss interactions and interaction indices (I), respectively. Monte Carlo simulations with predicted human lung concentrations were used to calculate target attainment rates for combination and monotherapy regimens. Clofazimine alone was bacteriostatic for both NTM. Clofazimine-amikacin was synergistic against M. abscessus (I = 0.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29 to 0.55) and M. avium (I = 0.027; 95% CI, 0.007 to 0.048). Based on RSBI analysis, synergistic interactions of 28.4 to 29.0% and 23.2 to 56.7% were observed at 1× to 2× MIC and 0.25× to 2× MIC for M. abscessus and M. avium, respectively. Clofazimine-clarithromycin was also synergistic against M. abscessus (I = 0.53; 95% CI, 0.35 to 0.72) and M. avium (I = 0.16; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.35), RSBI analysis showed 23.5% and 23.3 to 53.3% at 2× MIC and 0.25× to 0.5× MIC for M. abscessus and M. avium, respectively. Clofazimine prevented the regrowth observed with amikacin or clarithromycin alone. Target attainment rates of combination regimens were >60% higher than those of monotherapy regimens for M. abscessus and M. avium. The combination of clofazimine with amikacin or clarithromycin was synergistic in vitro. This suggests a potential role for clofazimine in treatment regimens that warrants further evaluation.
Topics: Amikacin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clarithromycin; Clofazimine; Drug Interactions; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Monte Carlo Method; Mutation; Mycobacterium avium; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
PubMed: 26643335
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02615-15 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Sep 2005The clinical significance and prevalence of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare were analyzed in a cohort of 7,472 patients who, from 1999 to 2003,...
The clinical significance and prevalence of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare were analyzed in a cohort of 7,472 patients who, from 1999 to 2003, sought care at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, and had cultures performed for mycobacteria. Patients were stratified for age, sex, and underlying diseases, and bacteria were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. M. avium was isolated in 62 (0.83%) of 7,472 patients and M. intracellulare in 65 (0.87%). Clinically, only 10 of the 62 (16.2%) patients with M. avium had probable to definite evidence of infection, whereas the majority (83.8%) had weak evidence of infection. Sex and age did not affect the isolation or infection of M. avium. Hematological tumors predisposed to M. avium colonization but not infection. In contrast, 41 of the 65 (63.1%) patients with M. intracellulare had probable to definite infection, a level much higher than those with M. avium (P < 0.001). M. intracellulare was more prevalent in women (1.33% of 3,311) than in men (0.50% of 4,161) (P < 0.001), and underlying diseases had no effect in women. Men with lung cancer had a higher prevalence (1.37%) than men without (0.34%) (4.0-fold; P < 0.001), but it was similar to that in women. A marked age trend for the isolation of M. intracellulare among women was noted: 0.27% (1-fold) for ages of <50 years, 0.85% (3.1-fold) for ages 50 to 59 years, 1.50% (5.6-fold) for ages 60 to 69 years, and 3.74% (13.9-fold) for ages >/=70 years (trend, P < 0.001). The combined rate for women >/=50 was 1.86% (95% confidence interval [1.30 to 2.42%]) (6.9-fold). Together, these results suggest that, among non-AIDS patients, M. intracellulare is more pathogenic and tends to infect women increasingly beyond menopause (age >/=50 years) regardless of underlying disease. The prevalence rate of 1.86% in postmenopausal women suggests the need to further investigate the public health significance of M. intracellulare.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Neoplasms; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 16145084
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.43.9.4407-4412.2005 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Feb 2015Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's disease. Genotypic discrimination of MAP isolates is pivotal to epidemiological...
AIMS
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's disease. Genotypic discrimination of MAP isolates is pivotal to epidemiological studies requisite for revealing infection sources and disease transmission. This study was undertaken to determine the genetic diversity of MAP strains from diverse sources.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Five hundred and sixty-nine MAP isolates were collected during an 8-year period from nine animal species, originating from seven European countries, including the whole geographic region of Hungary. Isolates were classified into cattle type and sheep type, and 515 strains were included in mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable-number tandem repeat analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
The same genotype was found in different host species cohabiting on the same property, demonstrating interspecies transmission. Detecting identical patterns in numerous related animals underlines the importance of vertical transmission. The revealed 15 genotypes expose relatively low strain diversity and indicate the need of an improved typing system that provides higher resolution in the case of this subspecies.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
Our results demonstrate the circulation and transmission of different MAP strain types among individuals, herds and even wildlife reservoirs in Hungary and other European countries; correlation between production type or breed and MAP genotype is hypothesized.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Cattle; Europe; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Minisatellite Repeats; Molecular Typing; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sheep
PubMed: 25410632
DOI: 10.1111/jam.12702 -
Journal of Bacteriology Nov 2007Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes an enteric infection in cattle, with a great impact on the dairy industry in the United States and worldwide....
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes an enteric infection in cattle, with a great impact on the dairy industry in the United States and worldwide. Characterizing the gene expression profile of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis exposed to different stress conditions, or shed in cow feces, could improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. In this report, the stress response of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis on a genome-wide level (stressome) was defined for the first time using DNA microarrays. Expression data analysis revealed unique gene groups of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis that were regulated under in vitro stressors while additional groups were regulated in the cow samples. Interestingly, acidic pH induced the regulation of a large number of genes (n=597), suggesting the high sensitivity of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis to acidic environments. Generally, responses to heat shock, acidity, and oxidative stress were similar in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, suggesting common pathways for mycobacterial defense against stressors. Several sigma factors (e.g., sigH and sigE) were differentially coregulated with a large number of genes depending on the type of each stressor. Subsequently, we analyzed the virulence of six M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis mutants with inactivation of differentially regulated genes using a murine model of paratuberculosis. Both bacterial and histopathological examinations indicated the attenuation of all gene mutants, especially those selected based on their expression in the cow samples (e.g., lipN). Overall, the employed approach profiled mycobacterial genetic networks triggered by variable stressors and identified a novel set of putative virulence genes. A similar approach could be applied to analyze other intracellular pathogens.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; DNA Primers; DNA, Bacterial; Gene Deletion; Hot Temperature; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; Oxidative Stress; Paratuberculosis; Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 17693514
DOI: 10.1128/JB.00780-07 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology May 2002Five pigmented isolates of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis were examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), IS900 restriction fragment length...
Five pigmented isolates of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis were examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), IS900 restriction fragment length polymorphism (IS900-RFLP), and IS1311 polymorphism analysis using PCR. All of the pigmented isolates exhibited one of three distinct PFGE profiles with SnaBI, designated 9, 10, and 11, and with SpeI, designated 7, 8, and 9, which generated three multiplex profiles designated [9-7], [10-8], and [11-9]. All of the pigmented isolates had the same IS900-RFLP BstEII and PvuII profiles. The IS900-RFLP BstEII profile was new, but the IS900-RFLP PvuII profile corresponded to PvuII type 6 of a sheep strain described by Cousins and colleagues (D. V. Cousins, S. N. Williams, A. Hope, and G. J. Eamens, Aust. Vet. J. 78:184-190, 2000). IS1311-PCR analysis typed all of the pigmented isolates as sheep (S) strains. The genetic relationship between pigmented and nonpigmented isolates was investigated by using multiplex PFGE data from the analysis of both the 5 pigmented isolates and 88 nonpigmented isolates of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis from a variety of host species and geographic locations. It was possible to classify the isolates into two distinct types designated type I, comprising the pigmented isolates, and type II, comprising the nonpigmented isolates, which exhibit a very broad host range.
Topics: Animals; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Ileum; Mycobacterium Infections; Mycobacterium avium; Paratuberculosis; Pigmentation; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 11980962
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.40.5.1798-1804.2002 -
Veterinary Research Apr 2014Mycobacterium avium infection is a severe condition in humans, whereas pigs are often subclinically infected. Pig carcasses represent a possible source of human...
Mycobacterium avium infection is a severe condition in humans, whereas pigs are often subclinically infected. Pig carcasses represent a possible source of human infection. Faecal excretion of M. avium was recently demonstrated in experimentally infected pigs, along with detection of M. avium in apparently normal lymph nodes. The present study investigates faecal excretion in naturally infected herds and the presence of live mycobacteria in lymph nodes. Two pig herds (A and B), with a history of sporadically suspected M. avium infection were sampled. Herd B used peat, as opposed to Herd A. Samples from peat, sawdust, drinking water, faeces and lymph nodes were collected. Identification of mycobacteria was performed by 16S rDNA sequencing and PCR. Mycobacterium avium isolates were analysed by Multi-Locus Variable Number of Tandem repeat Analysis (MLVA). Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis was detected in samples of faeces, peat and lymph nodes from Herd B, often with identical MLVA profiles. Additionally, other non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) were found in the same material. The absence of macroscopic lymph node lesions in the presence of M. avium subsp. hominissuis was frequently demonstrated. In Herd A, only one NTM isolate, which proved not to be M. avium, was found. Faeces might facilitate transmission of M. avium subsp. hominissuis between pigs and maintain the infection pressure in herds. The low incidence of macroscopic lesions together with the massive presence of M. avium subsp. hominissuis in lymph nodes from pigs kept on peat raises questions related to animal husbandry, food safety and human health.
Topics: Animals; Asymptomatic Infections; Environmental Microbiology; Feces; Female; Humans; Lymph Nodes; Molecular Sequence Data; Mycobacterium avium; Norway; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 24742183
DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-46 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology May 2019Premise plumbing may disseminate the bacteria Legionella pneumophila and Mycobacterium avium, the causative agents for legionellosis and pulmonary nontuberculous...
The sporadic nature of Legionella pneumophila, Legionella pneumophila Sg1 and Mycobacterium avium occurrence within residences and office buildings across 36 states in the United States.
AIM
Premise plumbing may disseminate the bacteria Legionella pneumophila and Mycobacterium avium, the causative agents for legionellosis and pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterium disease respectively.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Using quantitative PCR, the occurrence and persistence of L. pneumophila, L. pneumophila serogroup (Sg)1 and M. avium were evaluated in drinking water samples from 108 cold water taps (residences: n = 43) and (office buildings: n = 65). Mycobacterium avium, L. pneumophila and L. pneumophila Sg1 were detected 45, 41 and 25% of all structures respectively. Two occurrence patterns were evaluated: sporadic (a single detection from the three samplings) and persistent (detections in two or more of the three samples).
CONCLUSIONS
The micro-organism's occurrence was largely sporadic. Office buildings were prone to microbial persistence independent of building age and square footage. Microbial persistence at residences was observed in those older than 40 years for L. pneumophila and was rarely observed for M. avium. The microbial occurrence was evenly distributed between structure types but there were differences in density and persistence.
SIGNIFICANCE OF AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
The study is important because residences are often suspected to be the source when a case of disease is reported. These data demonstrate that this may not be the case for a sporadic incidence.
Topics: Drinking Water; Legionella pneumophila; Mycobacterium avium; United States; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 30891905
DOI: 10.1111/jam.14196