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Journal of Applied Microbiology May 2019Premise plumbing may disseminate the bacteria Legionella pneumophila and Mycobacterium avium, the causative agents for legionellosis and pulmonary nontuberculous...
The sporadic nature of Legionella pneumophila, Legionella pneumophila Sg1 and Mycobacterium avium occurrence within residences and office buildings across 36 states in the United States.
AIM
Premise plumbing may disseminate the bacteria Legionella pneumophila and Mycobacterium avium, the causative agents for legionellosis and pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterium disease respectively.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Using quantitative PCR, the occurrence and persistence of L. pneumophila, L. pneumophila serogroup (Sg)1 and M. avium were evaluated in drinking water samples from 108 cold water taps (residences: n = 43) and (office buildings: n = 65). Mycobacterium avium, L. pneumophila and L. pneumophila Sg1 were detected 45, 41 and 25% of all structures respectively. Two occurrence patterns were evaluated: sporadic (a single detection from the three samplings) and persistent (detections in two or more of the three samples).
CONCLUSIONS
The micro-organism's occurrence was largely sporadic. Office buildings were prone to microbial persistence independent of building age and square footage. Microbial persistence at residences was observed in those older than 40 years for L. pneumophila and was rarely observed for M. avium. The microbial occurrence was evenly distributed between structure types but there were differences in density and persistence.
SIGNIFICANCE OF AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
The study is important because residences are often suspected to be the source when a case of disease is reported. These data demonstrate that this may not be the case for a sporadic incidence.
Topics: Drinking Water; Legionella pneumophila; Mycobacterium avium; United States; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 30891905
DOI: 10.1111/jam.14196 -
The European Respiratory Journal Mar 2017
Topics: Humans; Lung Diseases; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Sputum
PubMed: 28275180
DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00110-2017 -
BMC Genomics Jan 2014Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (Maa) and M. avium subsp. hominissuis (Mah) are environmental mycobacteria and significant opportunistic pathogens. Mycobacterium avium...
BACKGROUND
Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (Maa) and M. avium subsp. hominissuis (Mah) are environmental mycobacteria and significant opportunistic pathogens. Mycobacterium avium infections in humans and pigs are mainly due to Mah. It is not known whether this is caused by a difference in virulence or difference in exposure to the two subspecies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ability of the M. avium subspecies to replicate intracellularly and to characterise the gene expression program triggered by infection of human primary macrophages.
RESULTS
All isolates were able to invade and persist within human macrophages. However, intracellular replication was only evident in cells infected with the two Maa isolates. Transcriptional responses to the isolates were characterized by upregulation of genes involved in apoptosis, immune- and inflammatory response, signal transduction and NF-kB signaling, cell proliferation and T-cell activation. Although similar pathways and networks were perturbed by the different isolates, the response to the Maa subspecies was exaggerated, and there was evidence of increased activation of type I and II interferon signaling pathways.
CONCLUSION
Mycobacterium avium isolates of different genetic characteristics invaded monocytes and induced different degree of macrophage activation. Isolates of Maa were able to replicate intracellularly suggesting that differences in exposure, uptake or induction of adaptive immunity are more likely explanations for the difference in prevalence between M. avium subspecies.
Topics: Apoptosis; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Cytokines; Down-Regulation; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; Lymphocyte Activation; Macrophages; Mycobacterium avium; NF-kappa B; Signal Transduction; Up-Regulation
PubMed: 24450835
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-58 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Feb 2019Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease is commonly an opportunistic infection frequently found in immunocompromised individuals, but sometimes can also be found in...
BACKGROUND
Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease is commonly an opportunistic infection frequently found in immunocompromised individuals, but sometimes can also be found in the immunocompetent hosts, especially in East Asians. The NTM separation rate in China is increasing, which reminds us to focus on NTM infections in immunocompromised populations.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 43-year-old woman with a recurrent fever for more than 8-month and a right forehead surgical wounds unhealed for more than 6-month was admitted to our hospital on February 22, 2018. On arrival, several elliptic ulcers were obvious on the right forehead with pus and fibrin exudation, and the skin around the lesions was tender, reddish, no sense of fluctuation. The result of HIV serology test was negative. CD4+ T cell count was normal and tuberculosis antibody was negative. CT of the chest and head showed bone destruction. Skin biopsy on the right forehead was performed on March 13, 2018, and pathological examination of the excisional biopsy specimen found inflammatory granuloma and suppurative inflammatory changes. Broad-spectrum antibiotics were treated but the effect seemed discontent. Then debridement and skin grafting were performed on the right frontal ulcer under general anesthesia on April 3, 2018. The skin tissue culture that resected on March 13, 2018 found Nontuberculous mycobacteria grown after 78 days, so clarithromycin, ethambutol, protionamide, and amoxicillin clavulanate potassium were prescribed for anti-nontuberculous mycobacteria treatment beginning on May 31, 2018. In reviewing the case, Mycobacterium avium (M. avium) was identified in the skin tissue resected on April 3, 2018 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the serum test of anti-interferon-γ autoantibodies was positive.
CONCLUSIONS
This is a case report of "Mycobacterium avium SSTI (skin and soft tissue infection) and OM (osteomyelitis) with possible secondary immunodeficiency syndrome induced by anti-interferon-γ autoantibody".
Topics: Adult; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Autoantibodies; Clarithromycin; Ethambutol; Female; Granuloma; Humans; Interferon-gamma; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Mycobacterium avium; Osteomyelitis; Scalp; Soft Tissue Infections
PubMed: 30819109
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3771-3 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology May 1989We attempted to identify the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) isolated in Japan by using DNA probes specific for M. avium or Mycobacterium intracellulare (Gen-Probe...
We attempted to identify the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) isolated in Japan by using DNA probes specific for M. avium or Mycobacterium intracellulare (Gen-Probe Rapid Diagnostic System for MAC; Gen-Probe, Inc., San Diego, Calif.). The source and drug susceptibility distributions were examined. This assay system proved to be rapid, sensitive, specific, and reliable for identification of MAC and of the species as either M. avium or M. intracellulare. The DNA probe test showed that of the generally accepted MAC serovars, serovars 1 to 6, 8 to 11, and 21 belonged to M. avium and 7 and 12 to 20 belonged to M. intracellulare. Moreover, with the DNA probe test we found that the distribution patterns of M. avium and M. intracellulare isolates in Japan differed depending on the district in which MAC was isolated. The ratio of M. avium was much higher in eastern Japan. In Tokai and Shimane districts, the ratio of M. avium and M. intracellulare isolates significant in human disease was related to that of isolates from soil and house dust (natural sources). In M. avium, human disease-associated isolates were more resistant to rifampin, streptomycin, and kanamycin than were isolates from natural sources. However, this source dependence was not evident for M. intracellulare. In human disease-associated MAC, M. avium isolates were more resistant to most agents, except for quinolones, than were M. intracellulare isolates.
Topics: Animals; DNA Probes; DNA, Bacterial; Dust; Humans; Japan; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Predictive Value of Tests; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Soil Microbiology; Temperature; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 2745706
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.27.5.994-997.1989 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2018subsp. () is a member of the non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), and is a common cause of lung infection in patients with chronic NTM lung conditions. is an...
subsp. () is a member of the non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), and is a common cause of lung infection in patients with chronic NTM lung conditions. is an environmental bacterium believed to be transmitted from environmental sources. In this work we used a recently developed model in to ask whether can be transmitted from host-to-host, and the bacterial genes associated with host colonization. Infection of was carried out by placing the nematode in cultured with . Bacteria eliminated from the intestines of infected were used to infect naïve nematodes. In parallel experiments, to identify colonization associated genes, a transposon library of was screened for the ability to bind to HEp-2 mucosal cells. Thirty clones were identified and five selected clones with impaired adherence to HEp-2 epithelial cells were used to infect to determine the degree of colonization. It was determined that eliminated from infected were able to colonize a naïve with high efficiency. Thirty of the most adherence-deficient clones obtained from the HEp-2 cell screening were sequenced to identify the location of the transposon. Many of the genes associated with the bacterial cell wall synthesis were shown to be inactivated in the selected mutants. Five out of the 30 bacterial clones were then used to infect . All five mutants had impaired ability to colonize compared with the wild type bacteria (decrease of 1.5-2.0 logs, < 0.05). The limitation of this work is that the model can be used for initial screening, but other more complex systems should be used to confirm the findings. can be used as a model to test for adherence/colonization-associated virulence determinants. All the tested adherence-deficient clones that were examined had impaired ability to colonize the host , and some can be potentially used to prevent colonization.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Caenorhabditis elegans; Cell Line; Disease Models, Animal; Epithelial Cells; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Genes, Bacterial; Intestinal Mucosa; Mycobacterium Infections; Mycobacterium avium; Respiratory Tract Infections; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 29740544
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00123 -
Gastroenterologie Clinique Et Biologique 1998The etiology of Crohn's disease remains unknown. A putative mycobacterial cause of the disease is still controversial.
BACKGROUND
The etiology of Crohn's disease remains unknown. A putative mycobacterial cause of the disease is still controversial.
AIMS
To assess the mycobacterial hypothesis in Crohn's disease using a polymerase chain reaction technique.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Nested polymerase chain reaction with primers on the 16S-rRNA coding region (16S-rDNA) and with primers specific both to the insertion sequences (IS) 900, and IS 901/902 were used to amplify Mycobacterium paratuberculosis or Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum DNA in frozen endoscopic intestinal biopsies or surgical resection specimens from patients with Crohn's disease (n = 47: 25 endoscopic biopsies and 22 surgical resection samples, +/- lymph nodes), ulcerative colitis (n = 27), and non inflammatory bowel diseases (n = 20: colonic tumors and diverticulitis). Positive as well as negative controls were used throughout the study.
RESULTS
All strains of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum tested were positive for both primer systems. Of the 94 biopsies tested, 5 (2 Crohn's disease, 1 ulcerative colitis and 2 controls) were positive with the 16S-rDNA primers but did not correspond to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis or Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum. None of the specimens was positive with the IS primers.
CONCLUSION
These results do not support the hypothesis that Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, or Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum play a role in Crohn's disease.
Topics: Adult; Crohn Disease; DNA, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Male; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 9823555
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Jan 2020
Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; DNA Primers; Genes, Bacterial; Humans; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 31776193
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01466-19 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology May 2017To validate an optimized peptide-mediated magnetic separation (PMS)-phage assay for detection of viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in milk.
AIM
To validate an optimized peptide-mediated magnetic separation (PMS)-phage assay for detection of viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in milk.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Inclusivity, specificity and limit of detection 50% (LOD ) of the optimized PMS-phage assay were assessed. Plaques were obtained for all 43 MAP strains tested. Of 12 other Mycobacterium sp. tested, only Mycobacterium bovis BCG produced small numbers of plaques. LOD of the PMS-phage assay was 0·93 MAP cells per 50 ml milk, which was better than both PMS-qPCR and PMS-culture. When individual milks (n = 146) and bulk tank milk (BTM, n = 22) obtained from Johne's affected herds were tested by the PMS-phage assay, viable MAP were detected in 31 (21·2%) of 146 individual milks and 13 (59·1%) of 22 BTM, with MAP numbers detected ranging from 6-948 plaque-forming-units per 50 ml milk. PMS-qPCR and PMS-MGIT culture proved to be less sensitive tests than the PMS-phage assay.
CONCLUSIONS
The optimized PMS-phage assay is the most sensitive and specific method available for the detection of viable MAP in milk. Further work is needed to streamline the PMS-phage assay, because the assay's multistep format currently makes it unsuitable for adoption by the dairy industry as a screening test.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
The inclusivity (ability to detect all MAP strains), specificity (ability to detect only MAP) and detection sensitivity (ability to detect low numbers of MAP) of the optimized PMS-phage assay have been comprehensively demonstrated for the first time.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Bacteriophages; Biological Assay; Food Contamination; Limit of Detection; Milk; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Paratuberculosis; Peptides; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 28235155
DOI: 10.1111/jam.13425 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Sep 2003The susceptibility of representative strains of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum (the MAIS group) to chlorine was...
The susceptibility of representative strains of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum (the MAIS group) to chlorine was studied to identify factors related to culture conditions and growth phase that influenced susceptibility. M. avium and M. intracellulare strains were more resistant to chlorine than were strains of M. scrofulaceum. Transparent and unpigmented colony variants were more resistant to chlorine than were their isogenic opaque and pigmented variants (respectively). Depending on growth stage and growth rate, MAIS strains differed in their chlorine susceptibilities. Cells from strains of all three species growing in early log phase at the highest growth rates were more susceptible than cells in log and stationary phase. Rapidly growing cells were more susceptible to chlorine than slowly growing cells. The chlorine susceptibility of M. avium cells grown at 30 degrees C was increased when cells were exposed to chlorine at 40 degrees C compared to susceptibility after exposure at 30 degrees C. Cells of M. avium grown in 6% oxygen were significantly more chlorine susceptible than cells grown in air. Chlorine-resistant MAIS strains were more hydrophobic and resistant to Tween 80, para-nitrobenzoate, hydroxylamine, and nitrite than were the chlorine-sensitive strains.
Topics: Chlorine; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium scrofulaceum
PubMed: 12957962
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.69.9.5685-5689.2003