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Toxins Jul 2022is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat worldwide, and can cause Fusarium head blight (FHB). infection and mycotoxin production mainly present in wheat and...
is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat worldwide, and can cause Fusarium head blight (FHB). infection and mycotoxin production mainly present in wheat and can be influenced by environmental factors and wheat cultivars. The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of wheat cultivars and interacting conditions of temperature and water activity () on mycotoxin production by two strains of and investigate the response mechanisms of different wheat cultivars to infection. In this regard, six cultivars of wheat spikes under field conditions and three cultivars of post-harvest wheat grains under three different temperature conditions combined with five water activity () conditions were used for infection in our studies. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis showed significant differences in the concentration of Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivative deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) resulting from wheat cultivars and environmental factors. Transcriptome profiles of wheat infected with revealed the lower expression of disease defense-factor-related genes, such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)-encoding genes and hypersensitivity response (HR)-related genes of infected Annong 0711 grains compared with infected Sumai 3 grains. These findings demonstrated the optimal temperature and air humidity resulting in mycotoxin accumulation, which will be beneficial in determining the conditions of the relative level of risk of contamination with FHB and mycotoxins. More importantly, our transcriptome profiling illustrated differences at the molecular level between wheat cultivars with different FHB resistances, which will lay the foundation for further research on mycotoxin biosynthesis of and regulatory mechanisms of wheat to .
Topics: Chromatography, Liquid; Fusarium; Mycotoxins; Plant Diseases; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Transcriptome; Trichothecenes; Triticum; Water
PubMed: 35878220
DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070482 -
Toxins Feb 2020The presence of mycotoxins in cereal grain is a very important food safety issue with the occurrence of masked mycotoxins extensively investigated in recent years. This...
The presence of mycotoxins in cereal grain is a very important food safety issue with the occurrence of masked mycotoxins extensively investigated in recent years. This study investigated the variation of different metabolites (including the related regulated, masked, and emerging mycotoxin) in maize from various agriculture regions of South Africa. The relationship between the maize producing regions, the maize type, as well as the mycotoxins was established. A total of 123 maize samples was analyzed by a LC-MS/MS multi-mycotoxin method. The results revealed that all maize types exhibited a mixture of free, masked, and emerging mycotoxins contamination across the regions with an average of 5 and up to 24 out of 42 investigated mycotoxins, including 1 to 3 masked forms at the same time. Data obtained show that fumonisin B B B B, and A were the most prevalent mycotoxins and had maximum contamination levels of 8908, 3383, 990, 1014, and 51.5 µg/kg, respectively. Deoxynivalenol occurred in 50% of the samples with a mean concentration of 152 µg/kg (max 1380 µg/kg). Thirty-three percent of the samples were contaminated with zearalenone at a mean concentration of 13.6 µg/kg (max 146 µg/kg). Of the masked mycotoxins, DON-3-glucoside occurred at a high incidence level of 53%. Among emerging toxins, moniliformin, fusarinolic acid, and beauvericin showed high occurrences at 98%, 98%, and 83%, and had maximum contamination levels of 1130, 3422, and 142 µg/kg, respectively. Significant differences in the contamination pattern were observed between the agricultural regions and maize types.
Topics: Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring; Fusarium; Mycotoxins; South Africa; Zea mays
PubMed: 32121210
DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030149 -
Toxins Jun 2022Zearalenone, a mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus , widely exists in animal feed and human food. The structure of zearalenone is similar to estrogen, so it mainly... (Review)
Review
Zearalenone, a mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus , widely exists in animal feed and human food. The structure of zearalenone is similar to estrogen, so it mainly has estrogenic effects on various organisms. Products contaminated with zearalenone can pose risks to animals and humans. Therefore, it is imperative to carry out toxicological research on zearalenone and evaluate its risk to human health. This paper briefly introduces the production, physical, and chemical properties of zearalenone and the research progress of its toxicity kinetics, focusing on its genetic toxicity, reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, carcinogenicity, endocrine interference, and its impact on intestinal health. Finally, the progress of the risk assessment of human exposure is summarized to provide a reference for the follow-up study of zearalenone.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Follow-Up Studies; Food Contamination; Fusarium; Mycotoxins; Zearalenone
PubMed: 35737047
DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060386 -
Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2014Infant and young child (IYC) growth impairment remains a public health problem in Africa partly because infants are exposed to staple foods (contaminated with... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Infant and young child (IYC) growth impairment remains a public health problem in Africa partly because infants are exposed to staple foods (contaminated with mycotoxins) at an early age. Understanding the role of mycotoxins in IYC growth is vital, and this paper systematically reviews the available knowledge.
METHODS
Studies were searched and included if they provided information on African IYC mycotoxin exposure rates and/or growth. Studies were excluded if subjects were older than 15 years, if they were animal studies or focusing on other mycotoxins. Relevant search words were included in search strings. Eight reviews were identified and reference lists scrutinised for additional studies.
RESULTS
Ten studies were included; 8 focused on aflatoxin (AF), 2 on fumonisin (FB) and none on deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA). AF exposure prevalence reached 100% with levels at 40.4 pg/mg. AF was present in umbilical cords indicating that AF crosses the placenta. Maternal exposure levels were correlated with breast milk levels. The highest levels of serum AF (mean 32.8 pg/mg) were measured in Benin and Togo with 5.4% reaching levels higher than 200 pg/mg. At the end of weaning, children had similar prevalence and exposure levels as adults. RESULTS also indicated that infants with higher levels of maternal exposure had significantly lower height-for-age z-scores (HAZ scores), although there was no significant association between cord AF and infant HAZ scores or AF in cord blood and HAZ scores. Significantly higher mean maternal AF levels related to lower weight-for-age z-scores (WAZ scores) were reported, and infants with higher levels of maternal exposure had significantly lower WAZ scores that decreased over age. Cord AF levels had no effect on infant WAZ scores. One study investigated the association between FB and IYC growth and found that those with FB intakes greater than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake were significantly shorter (1.3 cm) and lighter (328 g). No studies investigated the role of DON and ZEA.
CONCLUSION
A limited number of epidemiological studies have been conducted, and available research indicates extreme exposures to AF. There are strong associations between AF exposure and stunting and wasting. However, more epidemiological research is urgently needed to understand the role of FB, DON and ZEA in IYC growth.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aflatoxins; Africa; Benin; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Food Contamination; Fumonisins; Growth; Growth Disorders; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Maternal Exposure; Milk, Human; Mycotoxins; Togo
PubMed: 25341872
DOI: 10.1159/000365126 -
Toxins Oct 2022Mycotoxins are generated by a series of fungal pathogens in postharvest fruit, resulting in serious health threat to consumers and great economic loss to the fruit...
Mycotoxins are generated by a series of fungal pathogens in postharvest fruit, resulting in serious health threat to consumers and great economic loss to the fruit storage industry. The microbial differences between rotten and healthy fruit during storage and their relationship with mycotoxin production have not been fully studied. In this study, differences in microbial diversity between rotten and healthy fruit after 30 days of storage at ambient temperature were investigated using high-throughput sequencing technology in 'Huangguan' pear ( Rehd cv. Huangguan) harvested from five different producing regions of Hebei province, China. The bacterial genus was much more abundant in rotten fruit (76.24%) than that in healthy fruit (32.36%). In addition, and were also relatively higher in abundance in rotten fruit. In contrast, bacterial genera , , , , and _UCG were found to be more abundant in healthy fruit. Fungal genera including , , , , , , and were found to be abundant in rotten fruit. The results of principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) showed that there were significant differences in the microbial diversity of different regions. PAT (patulin) was detected in all rotten fruit samples, while tenuazonic acid (TeA), alternariol (AOH), and alternariolmonomethyl ether (AME) were only detected in samples collected from one region (Weixian). Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and Pearson correlation analysis showed that the abundance of and were negatively correlated with the contents of PAT, suggesting that bacterial genera and have potential in reducing mycotoxin production in 'Huangguan' pear.
Topics: Pyrus; Mycotoxins; Tenuazonic Acid; Patulin; Alternaria; Fruit; Ethers
PubMed: 36287968
DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100699 -
Toxins Aug 2021Farm animals are frequently exposed to mycotoxins, which have many adverse effects on their health and become a significant food safety issue. Pigs are highly exposed... (Review)
Review
Farm animals are frequently exposed to mycotoxins, which have many adverse effects on their health and become a significant food safety issue. Pigs are highly exposed and particularly susceptible to mycotoxins, which can cause many adverse effects. For the above reasons, an appropriate diagnostic tool is needed to monitor pig' exposure to mycotoxins. The most popular tool is feed analysis, which has some disadvantages, e.g., it does not include individual exposure. In recent years, the determination of biomarkers as a method to assess the exposure to mycotoxins by using concentrations of the parent compounds and/or metabolites in biological matrices is becoming more and more popular. This review provides a comprehensive overview of reported in vivo mycotoxin absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) and toxicokinetic studies on pigs. Biomarkers of exposure for aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, T-2 toxin and zearalenone are described to select the most promising compound for analysis of porcine plasma, urine and faeces. Biomarkers occur in biological matrices at trace levels, so a very sensitive technique-tandem mass spectrometry-is commonly used for multiple biomarkers quantification. However, the sample preparation for multi-mycotoxin methods remains a challenge. Therefore, a summary of different biological samples preparation strategies is included in that paper.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Liquid; Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; Guidelines as Topic; Mycotoxins; Swine; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 34437457
DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080586 -
Toxins Dec 2022Mycotoxin contamination is a global food safety issue leading to major public health concerns. Repeated exposure to multiple mycotoxins not only has repercussions on... (Review)
Review
Mycotoxin contamination is a global food safety issue leading to major public health concerns. Repeated exposure to multiple mycotoxins not only has repercussions on human health but could theoretically also lead to interactions with other xenobiotic substances-such as drugs-in the body by altering their pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics. The combined effects of chronic drug use and mycotoxin exposure need to be well understood in order to draw valid conclusions and, in due course, to develop guidelines. The aim of this review is to focus on food contaminants, more precisely on mycotoxins, and drugs. First, a description of relevant mycotoxins and their effects on human health and metabolism is presented. The potential for interactions of mycotoxins with drugs using in vitro and in vivo animal experiments is summarized. Predictive software tools for unraveling mycotoxin-drug interactions are proposed and future perspectives on this emerging topic are highlighted with a view to evaluate associated risks and to focus on precision medicine. In vitro and in vivo animal studies have shown that mycotoxins affect CYP450 enzyme activity. An impact from drugs on mycotoxins mediated via CYP450-enzymes is plausible; however, an impact of mycotoxins on drugs is less likely considering the much smaller dose exposure to mycotoxins. Drugs that are CYP450 perpetrators and/or substrates potentially influence the metabolism of mycotoxins, metabolized via these CYP450 enzymes. To date, very little research has been conducted on this matter. The only statistically sound reports describe mycotoxins as victims and drugs as perpetrators in interactions; however, more analysis on mycotoxin-drug interactions needs to be performed.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mycotoxins; Food Contamination; Food Safety; Public Health; Drug Contamination
PubMed: 36548770
DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120873 -
Toxins Nov 2021The aim of this study was to identify and compare surface mycobiota of traditional and industrial Croatian dry-fermented sausage , especially toxicogenic species, and to... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The aim of this study was to identify and compare surface mycobiota of traditional and industrial Croatian dry-fermented sausage , especially toxicogenic species, and to detect contamination with mycotoxins recognized as the most important for meat products. Identification of mould species was performed by sequence analysis of beta- tubulin and calmodulin gene, while the determination of mycotoxins aflatoxin B (AFB), ochratoxin A (OTA), and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) was carried out using the LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) method. The results showed a significantly higher number of mould isolates and greater species (including of those mycotoxigenic) diversity in traditional samples in comparison with the industrial ones. , as a potential CPA-producer, was the most represented in traditional (19.0%), followed by (16.6%), which was the most represented in industrial samples (23.8%). The results also showed that 69% of the traditional sausage samples were contaminated with either CPA or OTA in concentrations of up to 13.35 µg/kg and 6.95 µg/kg, respectively, while in the industrial samples only OTA was detected (in a single sample in the concentration of 0.42 µg/kg). Mycotoxin AFB and its producers were not detected in any of the analysed samples (
Topics: Aflatoxin B1; Chromatography, Liquid; Fermentation; Food Contamination; Fungi; Indoles; Meat Products; Mycotoxins; Ochratoxins; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 34822582
DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110798 -
Toxins Nov 2019Pathogens belonging to the genus are causal agents of the most significant crop diseases worldwide. Virtually all species synthesize toxic secondary metabolites, known... (Review)
Review
Pathogens belonging to the genus are causal agents of the most significant crop diseases worldwide. Virtually all species synthesize toxic secondary metabolites, known as mycotoxins; however, the roles of mycotoxins are not yet fully understood. To understand how a fungal partner alters its lifestyle to assimilate with the plant host remains a challenge. The review presented the mechanisms of mycotoxin biosynthesis in the genus under various environmental conditions, such as pH, temperature, moisture content, and nitrogen source. It also concentrated on plant metabolic pathways and cytogenetic changes that are influenced as a consequence of mycotoxin confrontations. Moreover, we looked through special secondary metabolite production and mycotoxins specific for some significant fungal pathogens-plant host models. Plant strategies of avoiding the mycotoxins were also discussed. Finally, we outlined the studies on the potential of plant secondary metabolites in defense reaction to infection.
Topics: Fusarium; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Mycotoxins; Plant Diseases
PubMed: 31739566
DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110664 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Jun 2022Foodborne mycotoxins are toxic metabolites that are produced by fungi. The widespread contamination of food and its by-products by mycotoxins is a global food safety... (Review)
Review
Foodborne mycotoxins are toxic metabolites that are produced by fungi. The widespread contamination of food and its by-products by mycotoxins is a global food safety problem that potentially threatens public health and other exposed animals. Most foodborne mycotoxins induce hepatotoxicity. However, only few studies have investigated the regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial calcium transport monomers in mycotoxin-induced hepatotoxicity. Therefore, according to relevant studies and reports, this review suggests that intracellular Ca(2 +) homeostasis and mitochondrial Ca(2 +) uniporter are involved in the regulation of mycotoxin-induced hepatotoxicity. This review provides some ideas for future research involving mitochondrial Ca(2 +) uniporter in the molecular targets of mycotoxin-induced hepatotoxicity, as well as a reference for the research and development of related drugs and the treatment of related diseases.
Topics: Animals; Calcium; Calcium Channels; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Food Contamination; Mycotoxins
PubMed: 35461028
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113535