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Journal of Cellular and Molecular... May 2020Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) from beagle dogs had the characteristics of multi-directional differentiation and had great application potential in tissue...
Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) from beagle dogs had the characteristics of multi-directional differentiation and had great application potential in tissue engineering and cell regenerative medicine. In this study, we analysed the odontogenesis and neuronal differentiation characteristics of PDLSCs in vitro. Results showed that the calcined tooth powder (CTP) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) additives could induce the PDLSCs into odontogenesis differentiation; besides, the immunofluorescence staining identified that the high dosage calcined tooth powder (400 μg/mL) significantly facilitated the odontogenesis associated with BMP4 expression. While the nutritional factor (L-glutamine, NGF (nerve growth factor), bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor), IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1) and EGF (epidermal growth factor)) additives were prior to induce the PDLSCs into neuronal differentiation. Simultaneously, PDLSCs had high proliferation ability with the different supplemented additives. Importantly, the Western blot results also proved the BMP4 and SMAD1 proteins were highly expressed in the induced odontoblast, while the SOX1, NCAM1, GFAP and VEGFA proteins were all obviously expressed in the induced neurons. Hence, PDLSCs had characteristics of both odontogenesis and neuronal differentiation.
Topics: Animals; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation; Cell Shape; Colony-Forming Units Assay; Dogs; Metal Nanoparticles; Neurons; Odontogenesis; Periodontal Ligament; Powders; Silver; Smad1 Protein; Stem Cells; Tooth
PubMed: 32202359
DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15158 -
Annals of African Medicine 2017Resorptive cells are responsible for the resorption of mineralized matrix of hard tissues. Bone-resorbing cells are called osteoclasts; however, they can resorb... (Review)
Review
Resorptive cells are responsible for the resorption of mineralized matrix of hard tissues. Bone-resorbing cells are called osteoclasts; however, they can resorb mineralized dental tissues or calcified cartilage and then they are called odontoclasts and chondroclasts, respectively. Resorptive cells form when mononuclear precursors derived from a monocyte-macrophage cell lineage are attracted to certain mineralized surfaces and subsequently fuse and adhere onto them for exerting their resorbing activity. These cells are responsible for degradation of calcified extracellular matrix composed of organic molecules and hydroxyapatite. The activity of these cells can be observed in both physiological and pathological processes throughout life and their activity is mainly required in bone turnover and growth, spontaneous and induced (orthodontic) tooth movement, tooth eruption, and bone fracture healing, as well as in pathological conditions such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and bone metastasis. In addition, they are responsible for daily control of calcium homeostasis. Clastic cells also resorb the primary teeth for shedding before the permanent teeth erupt into the oral cavity.
Topics: Bone Diseases; Bone Resorption; Calcification, Physiologic; Humans; Odontogenesis; Osteoclasts; Tooth, Deciduous
PubMed: 28469115
DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_97_16 -
The International Journal of... Feb 1995This review highlights a number of advances towards understanding the sequential developmental cascade of events beginning in the oral ectodermally-derived odontogenic... (Review)
Review
This review highlights a number of advances towards understanding the sequential developmental cascade of events beginning in the oral ectodermally-derived odontogenic placode and culminating in the formation of the mineralized enamel extracellular matrix. Recent discoveries of growth factors, growth factor receptors and transcription factors associated with instructive epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and subsequent controls for ameloblast cell differentiation are reviewed. The relationship between ameloblast cytology, terminal differentiation and biochemical phenotype are discussed. The tissue-specific gene products characteristic of the ameloblast phenotype as well as their possible functions in formation of the enamel matrix are analyzed as well as the role of maturation-stage ameloblast cells in controlling enamel biomineralization. Finally, pathological conditions in which alterations in the ameloblast or specific gene products result in an abnormal enamel phenotype are reviewed. Clearly, the scientific progress achieved in the last few years concerning the molecular determinants involved in tooth development has been remarkable. However, there remains considerable lack of knowledge regarding the precise mechanisms that control ameloblast differentiation and enamel biomineralization. Anticipated progress continues to require increased international cooperation and collaborations as well as increased utilization of structural biology investigations of enamel extracellular matrix proteins.
Topics: Ameloblasts; Amelogenin; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Dental Enamel Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation; Growth Substances; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Odontogenesis; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 7626423
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2022The tooth-periodontium complex and its nerves have active reciprocal regulation during development and homeostasis. These effects are predominantly mediated by a range... (Review)
Review
The tooth-periodontium complex and its nerves have active reciprocal regulation during development and homeostasis. These effects are predominantly mediated by a range of molecules secreted from either the nervous system or the tooth-periodontium complex. Different strategies mimicking tooth development or physiological reparation have been applied to tooth regeneration studies, where the application of these nerve- or tooth-derived molecules has been proven effective. However, to date, basic studies in this field leave many vacancies to be filled. This literature review summarizes the recent advances in the basic studies on neural responses and regulation during tooth-periodontium development and homeostasis and points out some research gaps to instruct future studies. Deepening our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of tooth development and diseases will provide more clues for tooth regeneration.
Topics: Odontogenesis; Periodontal Ligament; Tooth; Periodontium; Homeostasis
PubMed: 36430624
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214150 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2021Chromatin remodeling, specifically the tissue-specific regulation in mineralized tissues, is an understudied avenue of gene regulation. Here we show that and , two...
Chromatin remodeling, specifically the tissue-specific regulation in mineralized tissues, is an understudied avenue of gene regulation. Here we show that and , two homologs belong to ATPase-dependent SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, preferentially expressed in osteoblasts and odontoblasts compared to and . Recently, biochemical studies revealed that BAF45A associates with Polybromo-associated BAF (PBAF) complex. However, the BAF45D subunit belongs to the polymorphic canonical BRG1-associated factor (cBAF) complex. Protein profiles of osteoblast and odontoblast differentiation uncovered a significant increase of BAF45A and PBAF subunits during early osteoblast and odontoblast maturation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) during the bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) differentiation showed higher histone H3K9 and H3K27 acetylation modifications in the promoter of and and increased binding of bone and tooth specific transcription factor RUNX2. Overexpression of in osteoblasts activates genes essential for the progression of osteoblast maturation and mineralization. Furthermore, -mediated knockdown of in odontoblasts leads to markedly altered genes responsible for the proliferation, apoptosis, DNA repair, and modest decrease in dentinogenic marker gene expression. Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) assay in knockout osteoblasts revealed a noticeable reduction in chromatin accessibility of osteoblast and odontoblast specific genes, along with transcription factor and . Craniofacial mesenchyme-specific loss of modestly reduced the mineralization of the tooth and mandibular bone. These findings indicated that BAF45A-dependent mineralized tissue-specific chromatin remodeling through PBAF-RUNX2 crosstalk results in transcriptional activation is critical for early differentiation and matrix maturation of mineralized tissues.
Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly; Female; Male; Mice, Transgenic; Odontogenesis; Osteogenesis; Transcriptional Activation
PubMed: 35046892
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.763392 -
Journal of Anatomy 2001Teeth as a feeding mechanism in an oral cavity (mouth) are functionally and locationally linked with jaws. In fossils, teeth found in the oral cavity are usually linked... (Review)
Review
Teeth as a feeding mechanism in an oral cavity (mouth) are functionally and locationally linked with jaws. In fossils, teeth found in the oral cavity are usually linked with jaws, although mineralised structures with the same histology as teeth are known in fossils before jaws appeared. Denticles in the skin occur in both fossil and extant fish. Pharyngeal denticles also occur in both extant and fossil gnathostomes but in only a few fossil agnathans (thelodonts). Complex structures with dentine and enamel have been described in the earliest jawless vertebrates, conodonts. Such fossils have been used to suggest that teeth and jaws have evolved and developed independently. Our understanding of the developmental biology of mammalian tooth development has increased greatly in the last few years to a point where we now understand some of the basic genetic interactions controlling tooth initiation, morphogenesis and patterning. The aim of this review is to see what this developmental information can reveal about evolution of the dentition.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Gene Expression; Jaw; Mammals; Mesoderm; Neural Crest; Odontogenesis; Osteogenesis; Paleodontology; Tooth
PubMed: 11523817
DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910153.x -
Journal of Dental Research Nov 2016Primary cilia, present on most mammalian cells, function as a sensor to sense the environment change and transduce signaling. Loss of primary cilia causes a group of... (Review)
Review
Primary cilia, present on most mammalian cells, function as a sensor to sense the environment change and transduce signaling. Loss of primary cilia causes a group of human pleiotropic syndromes called Ciliopathies. Some of the ciliopathies display skeletal dysplasias, implying the important role of primary cilia in skeletal development and homeostasis. Emerging evidence has shown that loss or malfunction of primary cilia or ciliary proteins in bone and cartilage is associated with developmental and function defects. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins are essential for cilia formation and/or function. In this review, we discuss the role of primary cilia and IFT proteins in the development of bone and cartilage, as well as the differentiation and mechanotransduction of mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. We also include the role of primary cilia in tooth development and highlight the current advance of primary cilia and IFT proteins in the pathogenesis of cartilage diseases, including osteoarthritis, osteosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma.
Topics: Animals; Bone Diseases; Carrier Proteins; Cartilage; Cartilage Diseases; Cell Differentiation; Cilia; Flagella; Humans; Mechanotransduction, Cellular; Odontogenesis; Osteogenesis; Protein Transport
PubMed: 27250654
DOI: 10.1177/0022034516652383 -
Australian Dental Journal Jun 2014Tooth development has attracted the attention of researchers since the 19th century. It became obvious even then that morphogenesis could not fully be appreciated from... (Review)
Review
Tooth development has attracted the attention of researchers since the 19th century. It became obvious even then that morphogenesis could not fully be appreciated from two-dimensional histological sections. Therefore, methods of three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions were employed to visualize the surface morphology of developing structures and to help appreciate the complexity of early tooth morphogenesis. The present review surveys the data provided by computer-aided 3D analyses to update classical knowledge of early odontogenesis in the laboratory mouse and in humans. 3D reconstructions have demonstrated that odontogenesis in the early stages is a complex process which also includes the development of rudimentary odontogenic structures with different fates. Their developmental, evolutionary, and pathological aspects are discussed. The combination of in situ hybridization and 3D reconstruction have demonstrated the temporo-spatial dynamics of the signalling centres that reflect transient existence of rudimentary tooth primordia at loci where teeth were present in ancestors. The rudiments can rescue their suppressed development and revitalize, and then their subsequent autonomous development can give rise to oral pathologies. This shows that tooth-forming potential in mammals can be greater than that observed from their functional dentitions. From this perspective, the mouse rudimentary tooth primordia represent a natural model to test possibilities of tooth regeneration.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Dentition; Diastema; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; In Situ Hybridization; Mice; Odontogenesis; Regeneration; Tooth; Tooth, Supernumerary
PubMed: 24495023
DOI: 10.1111/adj.12130 -
Monographs in Oral Science 2011Dental fluorosis occurs as a result of excess fluoride ingestion during tooth formation. Enamel fluorosis and primary dentin fluorosis can only occur when teeth are... (Review)
Review
Dental fluorosis occurs as a result of excess fluoride ingestion during tooth formation. Enamel fluorosis and primary dentin fluorosis can only occur when teeth are forming, and therefore fluoride exposure (as it relates to dental fluorosis) occurs during childhood. In the permanent dentition, this would begin with the lower incisors, which complete mineralization at approximately 2-3 years of age, and end after mineralization of the third molars. The white opaque appearance of fluorosed enamel is caused by a hypomineralized enamel subsurface. With more severe dental fluorosis, pitting and a loss of the enamel surface occurs, leading to secondary staining (appearing as a brown color). Many of the changes caused by fluoride are related to cell/matrix interactions as the teeth are forming. At the early maturation stage, the relative quantity of amelogenin protein is increased in fluorosed enamel in a dose-related manner. This appears to result from a delay in the removal of amelogenins as the enamel matures. In vitro, when fluoride is incorporated into the mineral, more protein binds to the forming mineral, and protein removal by proteinases is delayed. This suggests that altered protein/mineral interactions are in part responsible for retention of amelogenins and the resultant hypomineralization that occurs in fluorosed enamel. Fluoride also appears to enhance mineral precipitation in forming teeth, resulting in hypermineralized bands of enamel, which are then followed by hypomineralized bands. Enhanced mineral precipitation with local increases in matrix acidity may affect maturation stage ameloblast modulation, potentially explaining the dose-related decrease in cycles of ameloblast modulation from ruffle-ended to smooth-ended cells that occur with fluoride exposure in rodents. Specific cellular effects of fluoride have been implicated, but more research is needed to determine which of these changes are relevant to the formation of fluorosed teeth. As further studies are done, we will better understand the mechanisms responsible for dental fluorosis.
Topics: Ameloblasts; Amelogenesis; Amelogenin; Cariostatic Agents; Chronic Disease; Dental Enamel; Fluorides; Fluorosis, Dental; Humans; Odontogenesis; Tooth Calcification; Tooth Demineralization
PubMed: 21701193
DOI: 10.1159/000327028 -
Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral Y Cirugia... May 2020The primordial odontogenic tumor (POT) is a recently described benign entity with histopathological and immunohistochemical features suggesting its origin during early...
BACKGROUND
The primordial odontogenic tumor (POT) is a recently described benign entity with histopathological and immunohistochemical features suggesting its origin during early odontogenesis.
AIM
To integrate the available data published on POT into a comprehensive analysis to better define its clinicopathological and molecular features.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
An electronic systematic review was performed up to September 2019 in multiple databases.
RESULTS
A total of 13 publications were included, representing 16 reported cases and 3 molecular studies. The mean age of the affected patients was 11.6 years (range 2-19), with a slight predominance in males (56.25%). The posterior mandible was the main location (87.5%), with only two cases affecting the posterior maxilla. All cases appeared as a radiolucent lesion in close relationship to an unerupted tooth. Recurrences have not been reported to date. Microscopically, POT comprises fibromyxoid tissue with variable cellularity surrounded by a cuboidal to columnar odontogenic epithelium but without unequivocal dental hard tissue formation. A delicate fibrous capsule surrounds (at least partially) the tumor. The epithelial component shows immunohistochemical positivity for amelogenin, CK19, and CK14, and variable expression of Glut-1, Galectin-3 and Caveolin-1, Vimentin, p-53, PITX2, Bcl-2, Bax and Survivin; the mesenchymal tissue is positive for Vimentin, CD90, p-53, PITX2, Bcl-2, Bax, and Survivin, and the subepithelial region exhibits the strong expression of Syndecan-1 and CD34. The Ki-67 index is low (<5%). The negative or weak expression of dentinogenesis-associated genes could explain the inhibition of dentin and subsequent enamel formation in this neoplasm.
CONCLUSION
POT is an entity with a well-defined clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular profile that must be properly diagnosed and differentiated from other odontogenic lesions and treated consequently.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Epithelium; Humans; Male; Mandible; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Odontogenesis; Odontogenic Tumors; Young Adult
PubMed: 32040459
DOI: 10.4317/medoral.23432