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Biology Oct 2021forms a symbiotic association with coniferous trees, developing mycelial aggregations, called 'shiro', which are characterized by distinct chemical and physical...
forms a symbiotic association with coniferous trees, developing mycelial aggregations, called 'shiro', which are characterized by distinct chemical and physical properties from nearby forest bulk soil. The fungal diversity living in shiro soil play key roles in nutrient cycles for this economically important mushroom, but have not been profiled across large spatial and environmental gradients. Samples of shiro and non-shiro (nearby bulk soil) were taken from five field sites where sporocarps naturally formed. Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and Illumina MiSeq sequencing were combined to identify fungal biomass and community structure. Matsutake dominated in the shiro, which had a significantly reduced saprotrophic fungi biomass compared to non-shiro soil. Fungal diversity was negatively correlated with the relative abundance of in the shiro soil. The fungal community in the shiro was characterized by similar fungal species composition in most samples regardless of forest types. Matsutake coexisted with a specific fungal community due to competition or nutrient interactions. was positively correlated with the abundance of , commonly cohabitant in the shiro. In contrast, and were negatively correlated with , both of which commonly inhabit the non-shiro soil but do not occur in shiro soils. We conclude that generate a dominance effect to shape the fungal community and diversity in shiro soil across distinctive forest types.
PubMed: 34681150
DOI: 10.3390/biology10101051 -
Journal of Bacteriology Mar 1968An experimental infection was induced in mice by intravenous and intraperitoneal inoculation with Oidiodendron kalrai. The infected mice developed a complex neurological...
An experimental infection was induced in mice by intravenous and intraperitoneal inoculation with Oidiodendron kalrai. The infected mice developed a complex neurological syndrome consisting of hyperirritability, jumping, circling, and ataxia, followed by coma and death or by apparent recovery. Visible lesions accompanied by inflammatory reaction and fungal elements were seen only in kidneys, but organisms were also identified in and isolated from the liver, spleen, lungs, and brain. Cortisone alone or in combination with streptomycin rendered the mice highly susceptible to infection with O. kalrai, and lesions were found in the brains as well as in the kidneys of these mice. Treatment of infected mice with streptomycin alone increased the severity and duration of the neurological syndrome, but such treatment did not increase the mortality rate.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Candidiasis; Cortisone; Kidney; Lung; Mice; Mitosporic Fungi; Nervous System Diseases; Streptomycin
PubMed: 5689332
DOI: 10.1128/jb.95.3.1130-1139.1968 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024The thermophilic fungus is a saprobe that is commonly isolated from soil. Here, we identified a Gram-positive bacteria-selective antimicrobial secondary metabolite from...
The thermophilic fungus is a saprobe that is commonly isolated from soil. Here, we identified a Gram-positive bacteria-selective antimicrobial secondary metabolite from this fungal species, harzianic acid (HA). Using strain 168 combined with dynamic bacterial morphology imaging, we found that HA targeted the cell membrane. To further study the antimicrobial activity of HA, we isolated an HA-resistant strain, strain M9015, and discovered that the mutant had more translucent colonies than the wild type strain, showed cross resistance to rifampin, and harbored five mutations in the coding region of four distinct genes. Further analysis of these genes indicated that the mutation in might be responsible for the translucency of the colonies, and mutation in for resistance to both HA and rifampin. We conclude that HA is an antimicrobial agent against Gram-positive bacteria that targets the cell membrane.
PubMed: 38348189
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1332774 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2020The success of Ericaceae in stressful habitats enriched in heavy metals has been ascribed to the distinctive abilities of their mycorrhizal fungal partners to withstand...
The success of Ericaceae in stressful habitats enriched in heavy metals has been ascribed to the distinctive abilities of their mycorrhizal fungal partners to withstand heavy metal stress and to enhance metal tolerance in the host plant. Whereas heavy metal tolerance has been extensively investigated in some ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) fungi, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that extend tolerance to the host plant are currently unknown. Here, we show a reduced Cd content in Cd-exposed mycorrhizal roots of colonized by a metal tolerant isolate of the fungus as compared to non-mycorrhizal roots. To better understand this phenotype, we applied Next Generation Sequencing technologies to analyze gene expression in and Zn grown under normal and Cd-stressed conditions, in the free living and in the mycorrhizal status. The results clearly showed that Cd had a stronger impact on plant gene expression than symbiosis, whereas fungal gene expression was mainly regulated by symbiosis. The higher abundance of transcripts coding for stress related proteins in non-mycorrhizal roots may be related to the higher Cd content. Regulated plant metal transporters have been identified that may play a role in reducing Cd content in mycorrhizal roots exposed to this metal.
PubMed: 32210940
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00341 -
The Journal of Antibiotics Jul 1983A number of strains of Oidiodendron truncatum was shown to produce a new antibiotic, PR-1350, which was isolated in the form of an amorphous powder either directly or... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
A number of strains of Oidiodendron truncatum was shown to produce a new antibiotic, PR-1350, which was isolated in the form of an amorphous powder either directly or via a crystalline monomethanolate, PR-1381, which in solution is reconverted to the parent compound. The antibiotic inhibits a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in vitro, and has been shown to be active against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice. Biosynthetic considerations based on the results of [1-13C]acetate incorporation indicate that the antibiotic is a diterpene of the clerodane type.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Diterpenes; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Fermentation; Leukemia P388; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mitosporic Fungi; Species Specificity
PubMed: 6684107
DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.36.753 -
Toxins Sep 2015Fungal polyketides are a diverse class of natural products, or secondary metabolites (SMs), with a wide range of bioactivities often associated with toxicity. Here, we...
Fungal polyketides are a diverse class of natural products, or secondary metabolites (SMs), with a wide range of bioactivities often associated with toxicity. Here, we focus on a group of non-reducing polyketide synthases (NR-PKSs) in the fungal phylum Ascomycota that lack a thioesterase domain for product release, group V. Although widespread in ascomycete taxa, this group of NR-PKSs is notably absent in the mycotoxigenic genus Fusarium and, surprisingly, found in genera not known for their secondary metabolite production (e.g., the mycorrhizal genus Oidiodendron, the powdery mildew genus Blumeria, and the causative agent of white-nose syndrome in bats, Pseudogymnoascus destructans). This group of NR-PKSs, in association with the other enzymes encoded by their gene clusters, produces a variety of different chemical classes including naphthacenediones, anthraquinones, benzophenones, grisandienes, and diphenyl ethers. We discuss the modification of and transitions between these chemical classes, the requisite enzymes, and the evolution of the SM gene clusters that encode them. Integrating this information, we predict the likely products of related but uncharacterized SM clusters, and we speculate upon the utility of these classes of SMs as virulence factors or chemical defenses to various plant, animal, and insect pathogens, as well as mutualistic fungi.
Topics: Ascomycota; Biological Products; Evolution, Molecular; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Multigene Family; Phylogeny; Polyketide Synthases; Symbiosis
PubMed: 26378577
DOI: 10.3390/toxins7093572 -
Nucleic Acids Research Sep 2011Cadmium is a genotoxic pollutant known to target proteins that are involved in DNA repair and in antioxidant defence, altering their functions and ultimately causing...
Cadmium is a genotoxic pollutant known to target proteins that are involved in DNA repair and in antioxidant defence, altering their functions and ultimately causing mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. We have identified a PLAC8 domain-containing protein, named OmFCR, by a yeast functional screen aimed at identifying genes involved in cadmium resistance in the endomycorrhizal fungus Oidiodendron maius. OmFCR shows a remarkable specificity in mediating cadmium resistance. Both its function and its nuclear localization in yeast strictly depend on the interaction with Mlh3p, a subunit of the mismatch repair (MMR) system. Although proteins belonging to the PLAC8 family are widespread in eukaryotes, they are poorly characterized and their biological role still remains elusive. Our work represents the first report about the potential role of a PLAC8 protein in physically coupling DNA lesion recognition by the MMR system to appropriate effectors that affect cell cycle checkpoint pathways. On the basis of cell survival assays and yeast growth curves, we hypothesize that, upon cadmium exposure, OmFCR might promote a higher rate of cell division as compared to control cells.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Ascomycota; Cadmium; Cell Cycle Proteins; Computational Biology; DNA Mismatch Repair; Fungal Proteins; Genes, Fungal; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; Mutagens; Mutation; Nuclear Proteins; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; Sequence Alignment; Transcription Factors; Two-Hybrid System Techniques
PubMed: 21672957
DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr336 -
BMC Plant Biology May 2018The health of plants is heavily influenced by the intensively researched plant microbiome. The microbiome has to cope with the plant's defensive secondary metabolites to...
Endophytic fungi from the roots of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) and their interactions with the defensive metabolites of the glucosinolate - myrosinase - isothiocyanate system.
BACKGROUND
The health of plants is heavily influenced by the intensively researched plant microbiome. The microbiome has to cope with the plant's defensive secondary metabolites to survive and develop, but studies that describe this interaction are rare. In the current study, we describe interactions of endophytic fungi with a widely researched chemical defense system, the glucosinolate - myrosinase - isothiocyanate system. The antifungal isothiocyanates are also of special interest because of their beneficial effects on human consumers.
RESULTS
Seven endophytic fungi were isolated from horseradish roots (Armoracia rusticana), from the genera Fusarium, Macrophomina, Setophoma, Paraphoma and Oidiodendron. LC-ESI-MS analysis of the horseradish extract incubated with these fungi showed that six of seven strains could decompose different classes of glucosinolates. Aliphatic, aromatic, thiomethylalkyl and indolic glucosinolates were decomposed by different strains at different rates. SPME-GC-MS measurements showed that two strains released significant amounts of allyl isothiocyanate into the surrounding air, but allyl nitrile was not detected. The LC-ESI-MS analysis of many strains' media showed the presence of allyl isothiocyanate - glutathione conjugate during the decomposition of sinigrin. Four endophytic strains also accepted sinigrin as the sole carbon source. Isothiocyanates inhibited the growth of fungi at various concentrations, phenylethyl isothiocyanate was more potent than allyl isothiocyanate (mean IC was 2.30-fold lower). As a control group, ten soil fungi from the same soil were used. They decomposed glucosinolates with lower overall efficiency: six of ten strains had insignificant or weak activities and only three could use sinigrin as a carbon source. The soil fungi also showed lower AITC tolerance in the growth inhibition assay: the median IC values were 0.1925 mM for endophytes and 0.0899 mM for soil fungi.
CONCLUSIONS
The host's glucosinolates can be used by the tested endophytic fungi as nutrients or to gain competitive advantage over less tolerant species. These activities were much less apparent among the soil fungi. This suggests that the endophytes show adaptation to the host plant's secondary metabolites and that host metabolite specific activities are enriched in the root microbiome. The results present background mechanisms enabling an understanding of how plants shape their microbiome.
Topics: Armoracia; Ascomycota; Endophytes; Fusarium; Glucosinolates; Glycoside Hydrolases; Isothiocyanates; Plant Roots; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 29743024
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1295-4 -
The Journal of Antibiotics Sep 2001A series of diterpenes were isolated from the fermentation broth of a fungus, Oidiodendron griseum CL37215. The diterpenes were identified as LL-Z1271alpha,...
A series of diterpenes were isolated from the fermentation broth of a fungus, Oidiodendron griseum CL37215. The diterpenes were identified as LL-Z1271alpha, LL-Z1271gamma, CJ-14,445, PR 1388, CJ-14,604 and a new diterpene, CJ-14,515. They inhibited both lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in human whole blood with IC50s of the range from 0.049 to 100 microM.
Topics: Ascomycota; Diterpenes; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Interleukin-1; Leucine; Pyrones; Terpenes; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 11714224
DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.54.697 -
The Biochemical Journal Jan 1951
Topics: Benzopyrans; Biochemistry; Fungi
PubMed: 14820786
DOI: 10.1042/bj0480067