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Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Nov 2014Oral somatosensory awareness refers to the somatic sensations arising within the mouth, and to the information these sensations provide about the state and structure of... (Review)
Review
Oral somatosensory awareness refers to the somatic sensations arising within the mouth, and to the information these sensations provide about the state and structure of the mouth itself, and objects in the mouth. Because the oral tissues have a strong somatosensory innervation, they are the locus of some of our most intense and vivid bodily experiences. The salient pain of toothache, or the habit of running one's tongue over one's teeth when someone mentions "dentist", provide two very different indications of the power of oral somatosensory awareness in human experience and behaviour. This paper aims to review the origins and structure of oral somatosensory awareness, focussing on quantitative, mechanistic studies in humans. We first extend a model of levels of bodily awareness to the specific case of the mouth. We then briefly summarise the sensory innervation of oral tissues, and their projections in the brain. We next describe how these peripheral inputs give rise to perceptions of objects in the mouth, such as foods, liquids and oral devices, and also of the mouth tissues themselves. Finally, we consider the concept of a conscious mouth image, and the somatosensory basis of "mouth feel". The theoretical framework outlined in this paper is intended to facilitate scientific studies of this important site of human experience.
Topics: Awareness; Humans; Mouth; Touch; Touch Perception
PubMed: 25284337
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.015 -
Medicine Nov 2022Frequently, periodontal health and it's associated oral biofilm has not been addressed in those patients who have systemic health issues, especially those who are not... (Review)
Review
Frequently, periodontal health and it's associated oral biofilm has not been addressed in those patients who have systemic health issues, especially those who are not responding to medical treatment via their physician. Oral biofilm may be present in the periodontal sulcus in the absence of clinical disease of periodontal disease (bleeding on probing, gingival inflammation) and periodontal reaction is dependent on the patient's immune response to the associated bacterial and their byproducts. Increasing evidence has been emerging the past decade connecting oral biofilm with systemic conditions, either initiating them or complicating those medical conditions. The patient's health needs to be thought of as a whole-body system with connections that may originate in the oral cavity and have distant affects throughout the body. To maximize total health, a coordination in healthcare needs to be a symbiosis between the physician and dentist to eliminate the oral biofilm and aid in prevention of systemic disease or minimize those effects to improve the patient's overall health and quality of life. Various areas of systemic health have been associated with the bacteria and their byproducts in the oral biofilm. Those include cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, pulmonary disease, prostate cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, pre-term pregnancy, erectile dysfunction Alzheimer's disease and Rheumatoid arthritis. This article will discuss oral biofilm, its affects systemically and review the medical conditions associated with the oral systemic connection with an extensive review of the literature.
Topics: Humans; Male; Oral Health; Quality of Life; Biofilms; Mouth; Immunotherapy; Bacteria
PubMed: 36401454
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000030517 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022The oral cavity harbors approximately 1,000 microbial species, and both pathogenic and commensal strains are involved in the development of carcinogenesis by stimulating... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity harbors approximately 1,000 microbial species, and both pathogenic and commensal strains are involved in the development of carcinogenesis by stimulating chronic inflammation, affecting cell proliferation, and inhibiting cell apoptosis. Moreover, some substances produced by oral bacteria can also act in a carcinogenic manner. The link between oral microbiota and chronic inflammation as well as cell proliferation has been well established. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated the association of the oral microbiota with cell migration, which is crucial in regulating devastating diseases such as cancer. For instance, increased cell migration induced the spread of highly malignant cancer cells. Due to advanced technologies, the mechanistic understanding of cell migration in carcinogenesis and cancer metastasis is undergoing rapid progress. Thus, this review addressed the complexities of cell migration in carcinogenesis and cancer metastasis. We also integrate recent findings on the molecular mechanisms by which the oral microbiota regulates cell migration, with emphasis on the effect of the oral microbiota on adhesion, polarization, and guidance. Finally, we also highlight critical techniques, such as intravital microscopy and superresolution microscopy, for studies in this field.
Topics: Carcinogenesis; Cell Movement; Humans; Inflammation; Microbiota; Mouth; Neoplasms
PubMed: 35573798
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.864479 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Apr 2013The aim of the present study was to investigate different fluorescence-based, two-color viability assays for visualization and quantification of initial bacterial... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVES
The aim of the present study was to investigate different fluorescence-based, two-color viability assays for visualization and quantification of initial bacterial adherence and to establish reliable alternatives to the ethidium bromide staining procedure.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Bacterial colonization was attained in situ on bovine enamel slabs (n = 6 subjects). Five different live/dead assays were investigated (fluorescein diacetate (FDA)/propidium iodide (PI), Syto 9/PI (BacLight®), FDA/Sytox red, Calcein acetoxymethyl (AM)/Sytox red, and carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA)/Sytox red). After 120 min of oral exposure, analysis was performed with an epifluorescence microscope. Validation was carried out, using the colony-forming units for quantification and the transmission electron microscopy for visualization after staining.
RESULTS
The average number of bacteria amounted to 2.9 ± 0.8 × 10(4) cm(-2). Quantification with Syto 9/PI and Calcein AM/Sytox red yielded an almost equal distribution of cells (Syto 9/PI 45% viable, 55% avital; Calcein AM/Sytox red 52% viable, 48% avital). The live/dead ratio of CFDA/Sytox red and FDA/Sytox red was 3:2. An aberrant dispersal was recorded with FDA/PI (viable 34%, avital 66%). The TEM analysis indicated that all staining procedures affect the structural integrity of the bacterial cells considerably.
CONCLUSION
The following live/dead assays are reliable techniques for differentiation of viable and avital adherent bacteria: BacLight, FDA/Sytox red, Calcein AM/Sytox red, and CFDA/Sytox red. These fluorescence-based techniques are applicable alternatives to toxic and instable conventional assays, such as the staining procedure based on ethidium bromide.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Differentiation of viable and avital adherent bacteria offers the possibility for reliable evaluation of different mouth rinses, oral medication, and disinfections.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Adhesion; Biofilms; Cattle; Colony Count, Microbial; Coloring Agents; Dental Enamel; Dental Plaque; Ethidium; Fluorescent Dyes; Microbial Viability; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Mouth; Mutagens
PubMed: 22821430
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0792-3 -
TheScientificWorldJournal 2015
Topics: Dental Pulp; Dentistry; Humans; Light; Mouth; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 25884026
DOI: 10.1155/2015/308138 -
Molecular Oral Microbiology Jun 2016
Topics: Biofilms; Biomedical Research; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Microbiology; Mouth; Switzerland
PubMed: 27060561
DOI: 10.1111/omi.12156 -
PLoS Pathogens Mar 2014
Review
Topics: Bacteria; Humans; Mouth; Neoplasms
PubMed: 24676390
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003933 -
Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic... Jun 2016Oral sensations (i.e., taste, oral somatosensation, retronasal olfaction) are integrated into a composite sense of flavor, which guides dietary choices with long-term... (Review)
Review
Oral sensations (i.e., taste, oral somatosensation, retronasal olfaction) are integrated into a composite sense of flavor, which guides dietary choices with long-term health impact. The nerves carrying this input are vulnerable to peripheral damage from multiple sources (e.g., otitis media, tonsillectomy, head injury), and this regional damage can boost sensations elsewhere in the mouth because of central interactions among nerve targets. Mutual inhibition governs this compensatory process, but individual differences lead to variation in whole-mouth outcomes: some individuals are unaffected, others experience severe loss, and some encounter sensory increases that may (if experienced early in life) elevate sweet-fat palatability and body mass. Phantom taste, touch, or pain sensations (e.g., burning mouth syndrome) may also occur, particularly in those expressing the most taste buds. To identify and treat these conditions effectively, emerging clinical tests measure regional vs. whole-mouth sensation, stimulated vs. phantom cues, and oral anatomy. Scaling methods allowing valid group comparisons have strongly aided these efforts. Overall, advances in measuring oral sensory function in health and disease show promise for understanding the varied clinical consequences of nerve damage.
Topics: Humans; Mouth; Olfaction Disorders; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Taste Disorders
PubMed: 27511471
DOI: 10.1007/s11154-016-9377-9 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020The composition of the oral milieu reflects oral health. Saliva provides an environment for multiple microorganisms, and contains soluble factors and immune cells.... (Review)
Review
The composition of the oral milieu reflects oral health. Saliva provides an environment for multiple microorganisms, and contains soluble factors and immune cells. Neutrophils, which rapidly react on the changes in the microenvironment, are a major immune cell population in saliva and thus may serve as a biomarker for oral pathologies. This review focuses on salivary neutrophils in the oral cavity, their phenotype changes in physiological and pathological conditions, as well as on factors regulating oral neutrophil amount, activation and functionality, with special emphasis on oral cancer and its risk factors.
Topics: Humans; Mouth; Mouth Neoplasms; Neutrophils; Saliva
PubMed: 33162980
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.565683 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2023Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a benign vascular lesion found predominantly in the oral cavity. Characterized by rapid growth and propensity to bleed, PG presents diagnostic... (Review)
Review
Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a benign vascular lesion found predominantly in the oral cavity. Characterized by rapid growth and propensity to bleed, PG presents diagnostic challenges due to its similarity and alarming proliferation. This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management of oral PG, with emphasis on recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The epidemiology of the injury is meticulously analyzed, revealing a higher incidence in women and a wide range of ages of onset. It delves into the etiopathogenesis, highlighting the uncertainty surrounding the exact causal factors, although historical attributions suggest an infectious origin. It exhaustively analyzes the clinical and histopathological aspects of oral PG, offering information on its various presentations and the importance of an accurate diagnosis to guide effective treatment. It details treatment strategies, emphasizing the personalized approach based on individual patient characteristics. This comprehensive review consolidates current knowledge on oral PG, highlighting the need for further research to clarify its pathogenesis and optimize treatment protocols.
Topics: Humans; Female; Granuloma, Pyogenic; Mouth Mucosa; Mouth
PubMed: 38069207
DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316885