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Journal of Medical Microbiology Nov 2019Over the past century, numerous studies have used oral biofilm models to investigate growth kinetics, biofilm formation, structure and composition, antimicrobial... (Review)
Review
Over the past century, numerous studies have used oral biofilm models to investigate growth kinetics, biofilm formation, structure and composition, antimicrobial susceptibility and host-pathogen interactions. animal models provide useful models of some oral diseases; however, these are expensive and carry vast ethical implications. Oral biofilms grown or maintained offer a useful platform for certain studies and have the advantages of being inexpensive to establish and easy to reproduce and manipulate. In addition, a wide range of variables can be monitored and adjusted to mimic the dynamic environmental changes at different sites in the oral cavity, such as pH, temperature, salivary and gingival crevicular fluid flow rates, or microbial composition. This review provides a detailed insight for early-career oral science researchers into how the biofilm models used in oral research have progressed and improved over the years, their advantages and disadvantages, and how such systems have contributed to our current understanding of oral disease pathogenesis and aetiology.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Biofilms; Humans; Mouth
PubMed: 31524581
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001063 -
Dental and Medical Problems 2023Diet and eating habits significantly affect health and quality of life. Various diets and food eliminations can lead to nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition. This... (Review)
Review
Diet and eating habits significantly affect health and quality of life. Various diets and food eliminations can lead to nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition. This article discusses the relationship between nutrition, nutritional deficiencies, and the condition of the periodontium and oral mucosa. An analysis of PubMed materials was conducted to assess the impact of nutrition on the condition of the oral mucosa and periodontium. We also considered dietary habits such as vegetarianism, the ketogenic diet, the Paleo diet, the Mediterranean diet, the Western diet, and intermittent fasting. Vitamin deficiencies, both watersoluble and fat-soluble, as well as macroand microelements, can manifest in the oral cavity, among others, as gingivitis and bleeding, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, enamel hypomineralization, cheilitis, angular cheilitis, halitosis, glossitis, lingual papillae atrophy, and stomatitis. Malnutrition does not cause periodontal disease, but it increases the risk of its occurrence and accelerates disease progression. Inadequate nutrition, combined with other predisposing factors, may contribute to an increased risk of oral cancer and the development of leukoplakia.
Topics: Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Cheilitis; Quality of Life; Periodontium; Malnutrition
PubMed: 38133993
DOI: 10.17219/dmp/156466 -
BioMed Research International 2021The human papilloma virus (HPV) is responsible for different pathological manifestations in humans. This agent gives rise to lesions of different types and in different... (Review)
Review
The human papilloma virus (HPV) is responsible for different pathological manifestations in humans. This agent gives rise to lesions of different types and in different areas of the organism, including the oral cavity. The aim of this study is to show which are the main diseases for which HPV is responsible and to bring to light some of the interceptive and therapeutic strategies. The analysis was conducted by consulting the major scientific databases with the aim of obtaining information on the characteristics of oral HPV and its management; furthermore, the literature was supported by some clinical cases proposed by the authors. The role of dentistry is essential in the early diagnosis of this type of pathologies and above all in knowing how to direct patients towards a path that can lead to patient management, especially in the event that these lesions have a malignant potential. Enhancing the knowledge and role of dentistry can lead to early diagnosis of this type of injury, intercepting a pathology that could have multiorgan implications.
Topics: Adult; Alphapapillomavirus; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth; Mouth Neoplasms; Oral Health; Papillomavirus Infections
PubMed: 33623784
DOI: 10.1155/2021/6631757 -
Cellular Immunology Nov 2018The mouth is a first critical interface where most potentially harmful substances or pathogens contact the host environment. Adaptive and innate immune defense... (Review)
Review
The mouth is a first critical interface where most potentially harmful substances or pathogens contact the host environment. Adaptive and innate immune defense mechanisms are established there to inactivate or eliminate pathogenic microbes that traverse the oral environment on the way to their target organs and tissues. Protein and glycoprotein components of saliva play a particularly important role in modulating the oral microbiota and helping with the clearance of pathogens. It has long been acknowledged that glycobiological and glycoimmunological aspects play a pivotal role in oral host-microbe, microbe-host, and microbe-microbe interactions in the mouth. In this review, we aim to delineate how glycan-mediated host defense mechanisms in the oral cavity support human health. We will describe the role of glycans attached to large molecular size salivary glycoproteins which act as a first line of primordial host defense in the human mouth. We will further discuss how glycan recognition contributes to both colonization and clearance of oral microbes.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Glycoproteins; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Microbiota; Mouth; Polysaccharides; Saliva
PubMed: 30274839
DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.08.008 -
Journal of Dental Research Jul 2016Oral mucositis (OM) is among the most common, painful, and debilitating toxicities of cancer regimen-related treatment, resulting in the formation of ulcers, which are... (Review)
Review
Oral mucositis (OM) is among the most common, painful, and debilitating toxicities of cancer regimen-related treatment, resulting in the formation of ulcers, which are susceptible to increased colonization of microorganisms. Novel discoveries in OM have focused on understanding the host-microbial interactions, because current pathways have shown that major virulence factors from microorganisms have the potential to contribute to the development of OM and may even prolong the existence of already established ulcerations, affecting tissue healing. Additional comprehensive and disciplined clinical investigation is needed to carefully characterize the relationship between the clinical trajectory of OM, the local levels of inflammatory changes (both clinical and molecular), and the ebb and flow of the oral microbiota. Answering such questions will increase our knowledge of the mechanisms engaged by the oral immune system in response to mucositis, facilitating their translation into novel therapeutic approaches. In doing so, directed clinical strategies can be developed that specifically target those times and tissues that are most susceptible to intervention.
Topics: Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Microbiota; Mouth; Stomatitis
PubMed: 27053118
DOI: 10.1177/0022034516641890 -
Journal of the Royal Society, Interface Aug 2015The prevalence of prosthodontic treatment has been well recognized, and the need is continuously increasing with the ageing population. While the oral mucosa plays a... (Review)
Review
The prevalence of prosthodontic treatment has been well recognized, and the need is continuously increasing with the ageing population. While the oral mucosa plays a critical role in the treatment outcome, the associated biomechanics is not yet fully understood. Using the literature available, this paper provides a critical review on four aspects of mucosal biomechanics, including static, dynamic, volumetric and interactive responses, which are interpreted by its elasticity, viscosity/permeability, apparent Poisson's ratio and friction coefficient, respectively. Both empirical studies and numerical models are analysed and compared to gain anatomical and physiological insights. Furthermore, the clinical applications of such biomechanical knowledge on the mucosa are explored to address some critical concerns, including stimuli for tissue remodelling (interstitial hydrostatic pressure), pressure-pain thresholds, tissue displaceability and residual bone resorption. Through this review, the state of the art in mucosal biomechanics and their clinical implications are discussed for future research interests, including clinical applications, computational modelling, design optimization and prosthetic fabrication.
Topics: Biomechanical Phenomena; Elasticity; Humans; Models, Biological; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 26224566
DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.0325 -
Archives of Oral Biology Aug 2019In the era of personalized medicine, it is imperative that oral health is integrated into this concept. The oral cavity fosters a highly individualized microbiome that... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
In the era of personalized medicine, it is imperative that oral health is integrated into this concept. The oral cavity fosters a highly individualized microbiome that has evolved to promote oral health, and which exists in a dynamic balance with the host. Microecological changes to the biology of the mouth [e.g. in the host diet and lifestyle, or status of the immune system] may drive deleterious shifts in the composition or metabolic activity of the oral microbiome ['dysbiosis']. This review aims to explore how knowledge of the oral microbiome may be utilized for personalized dentistry at the point-of-care.
DESIGN
This is a comprehensive narrative review of the literature, summarizing the perspectives of the authors.
RESULTS
The huge increase in recent knowledge on the ecology and microbiology of the oral cavity generated by 'OMIC' technologies may indeed be clinically translated to support patient care, in terms of prevention, monitoring, risk classification or early diagnosis. The identified clinical applications may not only include dental caries and periodontal disease, but also dental implants and orthodontics. Population-based applications may include systemic health, pregnancy and elderly populations.
CONCLUSIONS
Applications of selected oral microbiome and host-related biochemical parameters [e.g. the saliva proteome] for personalized dentistry can be customized for different clinical applications or individual populations, at point-of-care hubs.
Topics: Aged; Dental Caries; Dentistry; Dysbiosis; Humans; Microbiota; Mouth; Precision Medicine
PubMed: 31153099
DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.05.023 -
Annals of Anatomy = Anatomischer... Jan 2016Biofilms are naturally found in all wet environments including the oral structures of nearly all species. Human oral biofilms have existed since our earliest ancestors... (Review)
Review
Biofilms are naturally found in all wet environments including the oral structures of nearly all species. Human oral biofilms have existed since our earliest ancestors and have evolved symbiotically with the dentition over many millennia within a Palaeolithic, hunter-gatherer setting. Irrespective of the plant-animal ratio, it can be argued that the Palaeolithic diet was essentially acidic, and acted as a selective force for much of the evolution of the stomatognathic system. The relationship between saliva, biofilm and teeth, the 'sialo-microbial-dental complex', provides oral health benefits and offers a different perspective to the old dental paradigm that only associated oral biofilms (plaque) with disease (caries). This new paradigm emphasises that oral biofilms are essential for the 'mineral maintenance' of teeth. Oral biofilms provide physical protection from dietary acid and together with bacterial metabolic acids cause the resting pH of the biofilm to fall below neutral. This is then followed by the re-establishment of a neutral environment by chemical interactions mediated by the saliva within the biofilm. Such pH fluctuations are often responsible for the cyclic demineralisation, then remineralisation of teeth, a process necessary for tooth maturation. However, since the advent of farming and especially since the industrial revolution, the increase in consumption of carbohydrates, refined sugars and acidic drinks has changed the ecology of biofilms. Biofilm biodiversity is significantly reduced together with a proliferation of acidogenic and aciduric organisms, tipping the balance of the 'demin-remin' cycle towards net mineral loss and hence caries. In addition, the consumption of acidic drinks in today's societies has removed the protective nature of the biofilm, leading to erosion. Erosion and caries are 'modern-day' diseases and reflect an imbalance within the oral biofilm resulting in the demineralisation of teeth.
Topics: Acids; Biofilms; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Diet; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mouth; Oral Health; Saliva; Tooth; Tooth Demineralization; Tooth Erosion
PubMed: 25758745
DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2015.02.002 -
Molecular Medicine Reports Jul 2021Sialoperoxidase and myeloperoxidase are the two main peroxidase enzymes found in the oral cavity. Sialoperoxidase is present in salivary secretions and in the biofilms... (Review)
Review
Sialoperoxidase and myeloperoxidase are the two main peroxidase enzymes found in the oral cavity. Sialoperoxidase is present in salivary secretions and in the biofilms that line the oral surfaces, while myeloperoxidase is abundant in the dento‑gingival sulcus area. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide (HO), oral peroxidases catalyze the oxidation of the pseudohalide anion thiocyanate (SCN) to hypothiocyanite (OSCN), a strong oxidant that serves an antimicrobial role. Furthermore, oral peroxidases consume bacteria‑produced HO and could help inactivate toxic carcinogenic and genotoxic substances. Numerous studies have reported the antibacterial, antimycotic and antiviral role of peroxidases, suggesting possible applications in oral therapy. However, the use of oral hygiene products incorporating peroxidase systems has not yet been shown to be beneficial for the treatment or prevention of oral infections. This paradox reflects our incomplete knowledge of the physiological role of peroxidases in a complex environment, such as the oral region. While hygiene is crucial for restoring oral microbiota to a symbiotic state, there are no data to suggest that the addition of a peroxidase can create a dysbiotic state. Recent investigations have associated the presence of peroxidase activity with gram‑positive cocci microbial flora, and its insufficiency with dysbiosis has been linked to pathologies, such as caries, periodontitis or infections of the oral mucosa. Therefore, oxidants generated by oral peroxidases appear to be an essential ecological determinant for oral health through the selection of a symbiotic microbiota capable of resisting oxidative stress. The objective of the present review was to update the current knowledge of the physiological aspects and applications of oral peroxidases in clinical practice.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Biological Mimicry; Humans; Mouth; Oral Hygiene; Oxidants; Peroxidases
PubMed: 33982776
DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12139 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Dec 2020All soft and solid surface structures in the oral cavity are covered by the acquired pellicle followed by bacterial colonization. This applies for natural structures as... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
All soft and solid surface structures in the oral cavity are covered by the acquired pellicle followed by bacterial colonization. This applies for natural structures as well as for restorative or prosthetic materials; the adherent bacterial biofilm is associated among others with the development of caries, periodontal diseases, peri-implantitis, or denture-associated stomatitis. Accordingly, there is a considerable demand for novel materials and coatings that limit and modulate bacterial attachment and/or propagation of microorganisms.
OBJECTIVES AND FINDINGS
The present paper depicts the current knowledge on the impact of different physicochemical surface characteristics on bioadsorption in the oral cavity. Furthermore, it was carved out which strategies were developed in dental research and general surface science to inhibit bacterial colonization and to delay biofilm formation by low-fouling or "easy-to-clean" surfaces. These include the modulation of physicochemical properties such as periodic topographies, roughness, surface free energy, or hardness. In recent years, a large emphasis was laid on micro- and nanostructured surfaces and on liquid repellent superhydrophic as well as superhydrophilic interfaces. Materials incorporating mobile or bound nanoparticles promoting bacteriostatic or bacteriotoxic properties were also used. Recently, chemically textured interfaces gained increasing interest and could represent promising solutions for innovative antibioadhesion interfaces. Due to the unique conditions in the oral cavity, mainly in vivo or in situ studies were considered in the review.
CONCLUSION
Despite many promising approaches for modulation of biofilm formation in the oral cavity, the ubiquitous phenomenon of bioadsorption and adhesion pellicle formation in the challenging oral milieu masks surface properties and therewith hampers low-fouling strategies.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Improved dental materials and surface coatings with easy-to-clean properties have the potential to improve oral health, but extensive and systematic research is required in this field to develop biocompatible and effective substances.
Topics: Bacterial Adhesion; Biofilms; Dental Pellicle; Mouth; Surface Properties
PubMed: 33111157
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03646-1