-
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022Pancreas (and islet) transplantation is the only curative treatment for type 1 diabetes patients whose β-cell functions have been abolished. However, the lack of donor... (Review)
Review
Pancreas (and islet) transplantation is the only curative treatment for type 1 diabetes patients whose β-cell functions have been abolished. However, the lack of donor organs has been the major hurdle to save a large number of patients. Therefore, transplantation of animal organs is expected to be an alternative method to solve the serious shortage of donor organs. More recently, a method to generate organs from pluripotent stem cells inside the body of other species has been developed. This interspecies organ generation using blastocyst complementation (BC) is expected to be the next-generation regenerative medicine. Here, we describe the recent advances and future prospects for these two approaches.
Topics: Animals; Blastocyst; Organogenesis; Pluripotent Stem Cells; Regenerative Medicine; Transplantation, Heterologous
PubMed: 35992127
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.963282 -
BMC Biology Mar 2023The reactivation of genetic programs from early development is a common mechanism for injury-induced organ regeneration. T-box 3 (TBX3) is a member of the T-box family...
BACKGROUND
The reactivation of genetic programs from early development is a common mechanism for injury-induced organ regeneration. T-box 3 (TBX3) is a member of the T-box family of transcription factors previously shown to regulate pluripotency and subsequent lineage commitment in a number of tissues, including limb and lung. TBX3 is also involved in lung and heart organogenesis. Here, we provide a comprehensive and thorough characterization of TBX3 and its role during pancreatic organogenesis and regeneration.
RESULTS
We interrogated the level and cell specificity of TBX3 in the developing and adult pancreas at mRNA and protein levels at multiple developmental stages in mouse and human pancreas. We employed conditional mutagenesis to determine its role in murine pancreatic development and in regeneration after the induction of acute pancreatitis. We found that Tbx3 is dynamically expressed in the pancreatic mesenchyme and epithelium. While Tbx3 is expressed in the developing pancreas, its absence is likely compensated by other factors after ablation from either the mesenchymal or epithelial compartments. In an adult model of acute pancreatitis, we found that a lack of Tbx3 resulted in increased proliferation and fibrosis as well as an enhanced inflammatory gene programs, indicating that Tbx3 has a role in tissue homeostasis and regeneration.
CONCLUSIONS
TBX3 demonstrates dynamic expression patterns in the pancreas. Although TBX3 is dispensable for proper pancreatic development, its absence leads to altered organ regeneration after induction of acute pancreatitis.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Animals; Mice; Acute Disease; Pancreatitis; T-Box Domain Proteins; Pancreas; Organogenesis
PubMed: 36941669
DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01553-x -
Developmental Biology Aug 2021
Topics: Animals; Developmental Biology; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Growth and Development; Hormones; Humans; Nutritional Requirements; Organogenesis
PubMed: 33852914
DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.04.003 -
Molecular Plant Jul 2022Plants produce a rich diversity of biological forms, and the diversity of leaves is especially notable. Mechanisms of leaf morphogenesis have been studied in the past... (Review)
Review
Plants produce a rich diversity of biological forms, and the diversity of leaves is especially notable. Mechanisms of leaf morphogenesis have been studied in the past two decades, with a growing focus on the interactive roles of mechanics in recent years. Growth of plant organs involves feedback by mechanical stress: growth induces stress, and stress affects growth and morphogenesis. Although much attention has been given to potential stress-sensing mechanisms and cellular responses, the mechanical principles guiding morphogenesis have not been well understood. Here we synthesize the overarching roles of mechanics and mechanical stress in multilevel and multiple stages of leaf morphogenesis, encompassing leaf primordium initiation, phyllotaxis and venation patterning, and the establishment of complex mature leaf shapes. Moreover, the roles of mechanics at multiscale levels, from subcellular cytoskeletal molecules to single cells to tissues at the organ scale, are articulated. By highlighting the role of mechanical buckling in the formation of three-dimensional leaf shapes, this review integrates the perspectives of mechanics and biology to provide broader insights into the mechanobiology of leaf morphogenesis.
Topics: Morphogenesis; Organogenesis, Plant; Plant Leaves; Plants; Stress, Mechanical
PubMed: 35662674
DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.05.015 -
Developmental Dynamics : An Official... Mar 2016Xenopus laevis, the South African clawed frog, is a well-established model organism for the study of developmental biology and regeneration due to its many advantages... (Review)
Review
Xenopus laevis, the South African clawed frog, is a well-established model organism for the study of developmental biology and regeneration due to its many advantages for both classical and molecular studies of patterning and morphogenesis. While contemporary studies of limb development tend to focus on models developed from the study of chicken and mouse embryos, there are also many classical studies of limb development in frogs. These include both fate and specification maps, that, due to their age, are perhaps not as widely known or cited as they should be. This has led to some inevitable misinterpretations- for example, it is often said that Xenopus limb buds have no apical ectodermal ridge, a morphological signalling centre located at the distal dorsal/ventral epithelial boundary and known to regulate limb bud outgrowth. These studies are valuable both from an evolutionary perspective, because amphibians diverged early from the amniote lineage, and from a developmental perspective, as amphibian limbs are capable of regeneration. Here, we describe Xenopus limb morphogenesis with reference to both classical and molecular studies, to create a clearer picture of what we know, and what is still mysterious, about this process.
Topics: Animals; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Limb Buds; Mice; Organogenesis; Xenopus laevis
PubMed: 26404044
DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24351 -
Development (Cambridge, England) Sep 2011The thymus is the primary organ responsible for generating functional T cells in vertebrates. Although T cell differentiation within the thymus has been an area of... (Review)
Review
The thymus is the primary organ responsible for generating functional T cells in vertebrates. Although T cell differentiation within the thymus has been an area of intense investigation, the study of thymus organogenesis has made slower progress. The past decade, however, has seen a renewed interest in thymus organogenesis, with the aim of understanding how the thymus develops to form a microenvironment that supports T cell maturation and regeneration. This has prompted modern revisits to classical experiments and has driven additional genetic approaches in mice. These studies are making significant progress in identifying the molecular and cellular mechanisms that control specification, early organogenesis and morphogenesis of the thymus.
Topics: Animals; Chick Embryo; Chimera; Mice; Models, Biological; Morphogenesis; Organogenesis; Quail; Signal Transduction; Thymus Gland
PubMed: 21862553
DOI: 10.1242/dev.059998 -
Organogenesis Dec 2022The development and repair of dentin are strictly regulated by hundreds of genes. Abnormal dentin development is directly caused by gene mutations and dysregulation....
The development and repair of dentin are strictly regulated by hundreds of genes. Abnormal dentin development is directly caused by gene mutations and dysregulation. Understanding and mastering this signal network is of great significance to the study of tooth development, tissue regeneration, aging, and repair and the treatment of dental diseases. It is necessary to understand the formation and repair mechanism of dentin in order to better treat the dentin lesions caused by various abnormal properties, whether it is to explore the reasons for the formation of dentin defects or to develop clinical drugs to strengthen the method of repairing dentin. Molecular biology of genes related to dentin development and repair are the most important basis for future research.
Topics: Dentin; Dentinogenesis; Odontoblasts; Odontogenesis
PubMed: 35023442
DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2021.2022373 -
Differentiation; Research in Biological... 2019The study of male and female reproductive tract development requires expertise in two separate disciplines, developmental biology and endocrinology. For ease of... (Review)
Review
The study of male and female reproductive tract development requires expertise in two separate disciplines, developmental biology and endocrinology. For ease of experimentation and economy, the mouse has been used extensively as a model for human development and pathogenesis, and for the most part similarities in developmental processes and hormone action provide ample justification for the relevance of mouse models for human reproductive tract development. Indeed, there are many examples describing the phenotype of human genetic disorders that have a reasonably comparable phenotype in mice, attesting to the congruence between mouse and human development. However, anatomic, developmental and endocrinologic differences exist between mice and humans that (1) must be appreciated and (2) considered with caution when extrapolating information between all animal models and humans. It is critical that the investigator be aware of both the similarities and differences in organogenesis and hormone action within male and female reproductive tracts so as to focus on those features of mouse models with clear relevance to human development/pathology. This review, written by a team with extensive expertise in the anatomy, developmental biology and endocrinology of both mouse and human urogenital tracts, focusses upon the significant human/mouse differences, and when appropriate voices a cautionary note regarding extrapolation of mouse models for understanding development of human male and female reproductive tracts.
Topics: Animals; Epithelium; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Genitalia, Female; Humans; Mice; Mullerian Ducts; Organogenesis; Uterus
PubMed: 31622789
DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.07.004 -
Open Biology Dec 2023Cilia are hair-like organelles that protrude from the surface of eukaryotic cells and are present on the surface of nearly all human cells. Cilia play a crucial role in... (Review)
Review
Cilia are hair-like organelles that protrude from the surface of eukaryotic cells and are present on the surface of nearly all human cells. Cilia play a crucial role in signal transduction, organ development and tissue homeostasis. Abnormalities in the structure and function of cilia can lead to a group of human diseases known as ciliopathies. Currently, zebrafish serves as an ideal model for studying ciliary function and ciliopathies due to its relatively conserved structure and function of cilia compared to humans. In this review, we will summarize the different types of cilia that present in embryonic and adult zebrafish, and provide an overview of the advantages of using zebrafish as a vertebrate model for cilia research. We will specifically focus on the roles of cilia during zebrafish organogenesis based on recent studies. Additionally, we will highlight future prospects for ciliary research in zebrafish.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Zebrafish; Cilia; Ciliopathies; Homeostasis; Organogenesis
PubMed: 38086423
DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230228 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022The primary cilium is a hair-like, microtubule-based organelle that is covered by the cell membrane and extends from the surface of most vertebrate cells. It detects and... (Review)
Review
The primary cilium is a hair-like, microtubule-based organelle that is covered by the cell membrane and extends from the surface of most vertebrate cells. It detects and translates extracellular signals to direct various cellular signaling pathways to maintain homeostasis. It is mainly distributed in the proximal and distal tubules and collecting ducts in the kidney. Specific signaling transduction proteins localize to primary cilia. Defects in cilia structure and function lead to a class of diseases termed ciliopathies. The proper functioning of primary cilia is essential to kidney organogenesis and the maintenance of epithelial cell differentiation and proliferation. Persistent cilia dysfunction has a role in the early stages and progression of renal diseases, such as cystogenesis and acute tubular necrosis (ATN). In this review, we focus on the central role of cilia in kidney development and illustrate how defects in cilia are associated with renal disease progression.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Cilia; Homeostasis; Kidney; Organogenesis
PubMed: 36072924
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.952055