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Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2017The intestinal environment is linked to an array of conditions and diseases, including osteoporosis. Human and animal studies indicate that probiotics can benefit... (Review)
Review
The intestinal environment is linked to an array of conditions and diseases, including osteoporosis. Human and animal studies indicate that probiotics can benefit intestinal health and may provide a useful therapeutic to prevent and/or treat bone loss. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts will confer a health benefit on the host. In this review, we will focus on (1) probiotics (definition, history, nomenclature, types), (2) the effects of probiotics on bone health, and (3) mechanisms of probiotic prevention of bone pathologies.
Topics: Animals; Bone Diseases; Bone and Bones; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Osteoblasts; Osteogenesis; Probiotics; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 29101658
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-66653-2_11 -
Journal of Cellular and Molecular... Apr 2011This invited review covers research areas of central importance for orthopaedic and maxillofacial bone tissue repair, including normal fracture healing and healing... (Review)
Review
This invited review covers research areas of central importance for orthopaedic and maxillofacial bone tissue repair, including normal fracture healing and healing problems, biomaterial scaffolds for tissue engineering, mesenchymal and foetal stem cells, effects of sex steroids on mesenchymal stem cells, use of platelet-rich plasma for tissue repair, osteogenesis and its molecular markers. A variety of cells in addition to stem cells, as well as advances in materials science to meet specific requirements for bone and soft tissue regeneration by addition of bioactive molecules, are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Bone Regeneration; Fracture Healing; Humans; Osteogenesis; Stem Cells; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 21129153
DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01224.x -
International Journal of Oral Science Jan 2022Neural crest-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to play an essential function during tooth and skeletal development. PRX1 cells constitute an important MSC...
Neural crest-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to play an essential function during tooth and skeletal development. PRX1 cells constitute an important MSC subtype that is implicated in osteogenesis. However, their potential function in tooth development and regeneration remains elusive. In the present study, we first assessed the cell fate of PRX1 cells during molar development and periodontal ligament (PDL) formation in mice. Furthermore, single-cell RNA sequencing analysis was performed to study the distribution of PRX1 cells in PDL cells. The behavior of PRX1 cells during PDL reconstruction was investigated using an allogeneic transplanted tooth model. Although PRX1 cells are spatial specific and can differentiate into almost all types of mesenchymal cells in first molars, their distribution in third molars is highly limited. The PDL formation is associated with a high number of PRX1 cells; during transplanted teeth PDL reconstruction, PRX1 cells from the recipient alveolar bone participate in angiogenesis as pericytes. Overall, PRX1 cells are a key subtype of dental MSCs involved in the formation of mouse molar and PDL and participate in angiogenesis as pericytes during PDL reconstruction after tooth transplantation.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Mice; Molar; Osteogenesis; Periodontal Ligament
PubMed: 35078971
DOI: 10.1038/s41368-021-00155-z -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2015MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small noncoding ~22-nt RNAs, which have been reported to play a crucial role in maintaining bone development and metabolism.... (Review)
Review
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small noncoding ~22-nt RNAs, which have been reported to play a crucial role in maintaining bone development and metabolism. Osteogenesis originates from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiating into mature osteoblasts and each period of bone formation is inseparable from the delicate regulation of various miRNAs. Of note, apprehending the sophisticated circuit between miRNAs and osteogenic homeostasis is of great value for artificial skeletal regeneration for severe bone defects. In this review, we highlight how different miRNAs interact with diverse osteo-related genes and endeavor to sketch the contours of potential manipulations of miRNA-modulated bone repair.
Topics: Animals; Bone Development; Bone and Bones; Cell Differentiation; Humans; MicroRNAs; Osteoblasts; Osteogenesis; Regeneration
PubMed: 25872144
DOI: 10.3390/ijms16048227 -
Theranostics 2023Large bone defects are a major global health concern. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is the most promising alternative to avoid the drawbacks of autograft and allograft... (Review)
Review
Large bone defects are a major global health concern. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is the most promising alternative to avoid the drawbacks of autograft and allograft bone. Nevertheless, how to precisely control stem cell osteogenic differentiation has been a long-standing puzzle. Compared with biochemical cues, physicomechanical stimuli have been widely studied for their biosafety and stability. The mechanical properties of various biomaterials (polymers, bioceramics, metal and alloys) become the main source of physicomechanical stimuli. By altering the stiffness, viscoelasticity, and topography of materials, mechanical stimuli with different strengths transmit into precise signals that mediate osteogenic differentiation. In addition, externally mechanical forces also play a critical role in promoting osteogenesis, such as compression stress, tensile stress, fluid shear stress and vibration, etc. When exposed to mechanical forces, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiate into osteogenic lineages by sensing mechanical stimuli through mechanical sensors, including integrin and focal adhesions (FAs), cytoskeleton, primary cilium, ions channels, gap junction, and activating osteogenic-related mechanotransduction pathways, such as yes associated proteins (YAP)/TAZ, MAPK, Rho-GTPases, Wnt/β-catenin, TGFβ superfamily, Notch signaling. This review summarizes various biomaterials that transmit mechanical signals, physicomechanical stimuli that directly regulate MSCs differentiation, and the mechanical transduction mechanisms of MSCs. This review provides a deep and broad understanding of mechanical transduction mechanisms and discusses the challenges that remained in clinical translocation as well as the outlook for the future improvements.
Topics: Osteogenesis; Mechanotransduction, Cellular; Biocompatible Materials; Tissue Engineering; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Cell Differentiation
PubMed: 37351163
DOI: 10.7150/thno.84759 -
The Chinese Journal of Dental Research Apr 2021To determine the crosstalk of osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis of alveolar bone in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced periodontitis in mice.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the crosstalk of osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis of alveolar bone in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced periodontitis in mice.
METHODS
A representative periodontitis model was established by treating mice with LPS, and osteoblasts and osteoclasts were cultured. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts were cocultured to determine the effects of LPS on the crosstalk of osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to determine the expression of osteoclastogenesis makers underlying the potential mechanisms.
RESULTS
The morphological and pathological changes in alveolar bone were observed in LPSinduced mice and LPS dose-dependently suppressed osteogenesis. The mRNA expression of cathepsin K, as a marker of osteoclasts, was accordingly downregulated in the coculture. The mRNA expression of osteoprotegerin was increased, while that of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) was decreased with an increased concentration of LPS. Moreover, the mRNA expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was upregulated by LPS, whereas TLR4 knockout partially recovered osteoclast differentiation in the upper layer of the coculture.
CONCLUSION
LPS dose-dependently suppressed osteogenesis but had a bidirectional effect on osteoclastogenesis. The combined effects of LPS on osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis and their crosstalk via TLR4 account for alveolar bone loss in periodontitis.
Topics: Animals; Lipopolysaccharides; Mice; Osteoblasts; Osteoclasts; Osteogenesis; Periodontitis
PubMed: 33890453
DOI: 10.3290/j.cjdr.b1105871 -
Tissue & Cell Jun 2023Macrophages (MΦ) are highly adaptable and functionally polarized cells that play a crucial role in various physiological and pathological processes. Typically, MΦ... (Review)
Review
Macrophages (MΦ) are highly adaptable and functionally polarized cells that play a crucial role in various physiological and pathological processes. Typically, MΦ differentiate into two distinct subsets: the proinflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes. Due to their potent immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, MΦ have garnered significant attention in recent decades. In the context of bone implant repair, the immunomodulatory function of MΦ is of paramount importance. Depending on their polarization phenotype, MΦ can exert varying effects on osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and the inflammatory response around the implant. This paper provides an overview of the immunomodulatory and inflammatory effects of MΦ polarization in the repair of bone implants.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Macrophages; Phenotype; Osteogenesis
PubMed: 37257287
DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102112 -
Experimental Physiology Mar 2023What is the topic of this review? In this review, we consider the key role of mitochondria in the peri-implant milieu, including the regulation of mitochondrial reactive... (Review)
Review
NEW FINDINGS
What is the topic of this review? In this review, we consider the key role of mitochondria in the peri-implant milieu, including the regulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial metabolism in angiogenesis, the polarization of macrophage immune responses, and bone formation and bone resorption during osseointegration. What advances does it highlight? Mitochondria contribute to the behaviours of peri-implant cell lines based on metabolic and reactive oxygen species signalling modulations, which will contribute to the research field and the development of new treatment strategies for improving implant success.
ABSTRACT
Osseointegration is a dynamic biological process in the local microenvironment adjacent to a bone implant, which is crucial for implant performance and success of the implant surgery. Recently, the role of mitochondria in the peri-implant microenvironment during osseointegration has gained much attention. Mitochondrial regulation has been verified to be essential for cellular events in osseointegration and as a therapeutic target for peri-implant diseases in the peri-implant microenvironment. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the key role of mitochondria in the peri-implant milieu, including the regulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial metabolism in angiogenesis, the polarization of macrophage immune responses, and bone formation and resorption during osseointegration, which will contribute to the research field and the development of new treatment strategies to improve implant success. In addition, we indicate limitations in our current understanding of the regulation of mitochondria in osseointegration and suggest topics for further study.
Topics: Humans; Reactive Oxygen Species; Bone and Bones; Osteogenesis; Bone Resorption; Osseointegration; Mitochondria
PubMed: 36648334
DOI: 10.1113/EP090988 -
Trends in Biotechnology Oct 2013General trends in synthetic bone grafting materials are shifting towards approaches that can illicit osteoinductive properties. Pharmacologics and biologics have been... (Review)
Review
General trends in synthetic bone grafting materials are shifting towards approaches that can illicit osteoinductive properties. Pharmacologics and biologics have been used in combination with calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics, however, they have recently become the target of scrutiny over safety. The importance of trace elements in natural bone health is well documented. Ions, for example, lithium, zinc, magnesium, manganese, silicon, strontium, etc., have been shown to increase osteogenesis and neovascularization. Incorporation of dopants (trace metal ions) into CaPs can provide a platform for safe and efficient delivery in clinical applications where increased bone healing is favorable. This review highlights the use of trace elements in CaP biomaterials, and offers an insight into the mechanisms of how metal ions can enhance both osteogenesis and angiogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Bone Remodeling; Bone and Bones; Calcium Phosphates; Ceramics; Humans; Metals; Neovascularization, Physiologic; Osteogenesis; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 24012308
DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.06.005 -
The Journal of the American Academy of... Jul 2022Bone marrow stromal cells are regulated by the chemical and physical features of a biomaterial surface. When grown on titanium (Ti) and Ti alloy surfaces, such as...
Bone marrow stromal cells are regulated by the chemical and physical features of a biomaterial surface. When grown on titanium (Ti) and Ti alloy surfaces, such as titanium-aluminum-vanadium, with specific topographies that mimic the microscale, mesoscale, and nanoscale features of an osteoclast resorption pit, they undergo a rapid change in cell shape to assume a columnar morphology typical of a secretory osteoblast. These cells exhibit markers associated with an osteoblast phenotype, including osteocalcin and osteopontin, and they secrete factors associated with osteogenesis, including bone morphogenetic protein 2, vascular endothelial growth factor, and neurotrophic semaphorins. The pathway involves a shift in integrin expression from α5β1 to α2β1 and signaling by Wnt5a rather than Wnt3a. Conditioned media from these cultures can stimulate vasculogenesis by human endothelial cells and osteoblastic differentiation of marrow stromal cells not grown on the biomimetic substrate, suggesting that the surface could promote osteogenesis in vivo through similar mechanisms. In vivo studies using a variety of animal models confirm that implants with biomimetic surfaces result in improved osseointegration compared with Ti implants with smooth surfaces, as do meta-analyses comparing clinical performance of implant surface topographies.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Endothelial Cells; Humans; Osseointegration; Osteogenesis; Surface Properties; Titanium; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
PubMed: 35383608
DOI: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-21-00523