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Revista de Saude Publica 2015To identify factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life in Brazil. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To identify factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life in Brazil.
METHODS
Systematic review of epidemiological studies conducted in Brazil with exclusive breastfeeding as outcome. Medline and LILACS databases were used. After the selection of articles, a hierarchical theoretical model was proposed according to the proximity of the variable to the outcome.
RESULTS
Of the 67 articles identified, we selected 20 cross-sectional studies and seven cohort studies, conducted between 1998 and 2010, comprising 77,866 children. We identified 36 factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding, being more often associated the distal factors: place of residence, maternal age and education, and the proximal factors: maternal labor, age of the child, use of a pacifier, and financing of primary health care.
CONCLUSIONS
The theoretical model developed may contribute to future research, and factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding may subsidize public policies on health and nutrition.
Topics: Brazil; Breast Feeding; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant; Male; Maternal Age; Maternal Behavior; Models, Theoretical; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors
PubMed: 26759970
DOI: 10.1590/S0034-8910.2015049005971 -
BMJ Clinical Evidence Apr 2011Preterm or ill neonates may undergo 1 to 21 heel punctures or venepunctures a day. These punctures are likely to be painful. Heel punctures comprise 61% to 87% and... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Preterm or ill neonates may undergo 1 to 21 heel punctures or venepunctures a day. These punctures are likely to be painful. Heel punctures comprise 61% to 87% and venepunctures comprise 8% to 13% of the invasive procedures performed on ill infants. Analgesics are rarely given specifically for blood sampling procedures, but 5% to 19% of infants receive analgesia for other indications.
METHODS AND OUTCOMES
We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of interventions to reduce pain-related distress and morbidity during venepuncture in preterm or term babies aged under 12 months in a neonatal unit? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to June 2010 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
RESULTS
We found 20 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
CONCLUSIONS
In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: oral sweet solutions; pacifiers; and topical anaesthetics (lidocaine-prilocaine cream, tetracaine).
Topics: Administration, Oral; Analgesics; Blood Specimen Collection; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Infant; Pain; Pain Measurement; Phlebotomy; Punctures; Tetracaine
PubMed: 21463539
DOI: No ID Found -
Childhood Obesity (Print) Jan 2018Although widely used by infants, little is known about the long-term effects of pacifiers. We investigated relationships between pacifier use in infancy and appetite,... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Although widely used by infants, little is known about the long-term effects of pacifiers. We investigated relationships between pacifier use in infancy and appetite, temperament, feeding, and weight outcomes through age 2 years using data from the Intervention Nurses Start Infants Growing on Healthy Trajectories study.
METHODS
Mother-newborn dyads were randomized to a responsive parenting intervention for obesity prevention or a control group. Infants with data on pacifier use (n = 250) were categorized as using a pacifier beyond early infancy (≥4 months of age) or not. Anthropometrics were measured at 6 months, 1, and 2 years with overweight defined as weight-for-length ≥95th percentile at 1 year and BMI ≥85th percentile at 2 years. Mothers completed questionnaires on temperament, appetite, and feeding.
RESULTS
Infants who used a pacifier at 4 months or later (68%) had greater conditional weight gain from birth to 6 months (p = 0.01), weight-for-length z-score at 1 year (p < 0.001), and BMI z-score at 2 years (p < 0.001) than infants who did not. Infants using a pacifier at ≥4 months were more likely to be overweight at ages 1 year (11.7% vs. 1.3%, p = 0.03) and 2 years (20.1% vs. 7.9%, p = 0.03). Pacifier use was associated with shorter breastfeeding duration and less responsive parent feeding styles, but these variables did not mediate the relationship between pacifiers and weight. Parent-reported temperament and appetite were unrelated to pacifier use.
CONCLUSIONS
Pacifier use beyond early infancy is associated with accelerated infant growth and toddler overweight, although the reasons for this relationship are unclear.
Topics: Appetite; Body Height; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Breast Feeding; Child, Preschool; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Mothers; Pacifiers; Pediatric Obesity; Temperament; Weight Gain
PubMed: 28976781
DOI: 10.1089/chi.2017.0177 -
Archives of Disease in Childhood Feb 2007This article reviews the evidence for the current UK Department of Health recommendations for prevention of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and suggests other... (Review)
Review
This article reviews the evidence for the current UK Department of Health recommendations for prevention of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and suggests other factors that should be considered. The wording of the Department of Health recommendations for SIDS prevention has changed over the past 6 years, but the specific recommendations are largely consistent with the scientific evidence. The emphasis on thermal and illness factors and immunisation could be reduced. Bed sharing and sharing the parental bedroom should be given more emphasis. Two major recommendations need to be discussed in greater detail: (1) breast feeding and (2) pacifier use. Meta-analyses or reviews looking at each risk factor or a combination of risk factors are required. Further, it is recommended that a committee is established that reviews the recommendations and publishes the evidence that leads to these recommendations, as is done by the American Academy of Pediatrics Taskforce on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
Topics: Breast Feeding; Education; Evidence-Based Medicine; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Infant; Infant Care; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Pacifiers; Pregnancy; Prone Position; Risk Factors; Sleep; Smoking; Sudden Infant Death
PubMed: 17264285
DOI: 10.1136/adc.2005.076752 -
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth Jul 2020The literature is controversial with regard to the association between longer breastfeeding duration and lower prevalence of anterior open bite. Pacifier use may be...
BACKGROUND
The literature is controversial with regard to the association between longer breastfeeding duration and lower prevalence of anterior open bite. Pacifier use may be involved in this controversy. Thus, the objective of the study was to assess the influence of pacifier use and its duration on the association between longer breastfeeding duration and lower prevalence of anterior open bite in children with primary dentition.
METHODS
This was a cross-sectional study nested in a cohort study involving 153 infants recruited at a maternity hospital in the municipality of Porto Alegre, southern Brazil. The study outcome (anterior open bite) was assessed when the children were between 3 and 5 years old. Data on breastfeeding and pacifier use were collected at 7, 30, 60, 120, and 180 days of life and on the date of the evaluation here described. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to analyze the association between the prevalence of anterior open bite and breastfeeding duration, expressed in months.
RESULTS
The univariate analysis showed a protective effect of breastfeeding against anterior open bite (prevalence ratio [PR] 0.96; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.95-0.98). This effect remained significant after adjustment for pacifier use at any time between birth and the date of dental assessment (PR0.98; 95%CI; 0.96-0.99), i.e., there was a reduction of 2% in the prevalence of anterior open bite for each month of breastfeeding. However, this effect lost significance when pacifier use duration was included in the multivariate analysis (PR1.00; 95%CI; 0.99-1.01).
CONCLUSIONS
Pacifier use duration influences the association between longer breastfeeding duration and lower prevalence of anterior open bite. It is likely that prolonged pacifier use reduces the magnitude of this association.
Topics: Adult; Brazil; Breast Feeding; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Open Bite; Pacifiers; Prevalence; Time Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 32641129
DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-03054-z -
Jornal de Pediatria 2021To investigate association between parental locus of control (belief of individuals about what or who has control of the events of their lives) and bottle feeding habits...
OBJECTIVE
To investigate association between parental locus of control (belief of individuals about what or who has control of the events of their lives) and bottle feeding habits among children from 3 to 5 years of age.
METHODOLOGY
Parental locus of control validated in Brazil, and semi-structured questionnaire to obtain sociodemographic, health, and oral habit behaviors was applied to mothers of 992 preschool children. Outcome variable "use of feeding bottle" was studied according to the time of its use (≤36 months and >36 months). Simple logistic regression models were adjusted and raw odds ratios were estimated for variables of distal blocks, which contemplated parental locus of control, socioeconomic characteristics of family, and maternal habits. In the intermediate block, the variables for conditions of the child's birth and place of health care attendance during the prenatal period and early childhood were included. In the proximal block, the time of breastfeeding and pacifier use were reported. Variables were analyzed from the distal to the proximal block, and the individual analyses that presented p≤0.20 remained in each model; included in the subsequent block were the variables with p≤0.10, because this was a study of prevention.
RESULTS
Longer time of feeding bottle use was associated with the internal parental locus of control, mothers older than 31 years of age, white race, premature children, who used pacifiers and are treated in the private health system.
CONCLUSIONS
Children who maintained the habit of feeding bottle use for a longer time were those whose mother presented an internal locus of control.
Topics: Bottle Feeding; Brazil; Breast Feeding; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Motivation; Pacifiers; Pregnancy
PubMed: 32387579
DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2020.03.002 -
Nutricion Hospitalaria Feb 2021Introduction and objectives: breastfeeding (BF) is a feeding method that provides multiple benefits for the health of infants and their mothers. This study aimed to... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
Introduction and objectives: breastfeeding (BF) is a feeding method that provides multiple benefits for the health of infants and their mothers. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of BF during the first year of life of children of women who gave birth in a private clinic in Biscay, Basque Country, Spain, and to identify the facilitating determinants and reasons for abandonment. Method: an observational, descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study in a random sample of 453 newborns (NBs) recruited between 2016 and 2017. Results: in all, 366 women agreed to participate in all the study phases. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was 51.7 % at baseline, 77.1 % at discharge, and 21.6 % after sixth months; and that of BF, 87.1 % at the beginning, 48.4 % at month six, and 20.6 % at one year. The facilitating factors of EBF were: at the beginning, not using a nest or breast pump; 15 days of satisfaction with LM and not using a pacifier or breast pump; 4 months of satisfaction with LM; 6 months attending Lactation Support Groups (GAL) and not introducing complementary feeding (CA); and those of LM at 1 year, attending GAL. The main reasons for abandonment were: own initiative, incorporation to work, and little weight gain by the NB. Conclusions: one in 5 newborns received EBF up to 6 months and BF up to one year. It would be necessary to promote strategies that favor breastfeeding, such as eliminating the nest, advising against breast pumps and pacifiers at the beginning, starting CA from the sixth month, and organizing GALs during the first year.
Topics: Adult; Breast Feeding; Breast Milk Expression; Epidemiologic Factors; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Lactation; Longitudinal Studies; Mothers; Pacifiers; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Self-Help Groups; Spain; Time Factors
PubMed: 33371703
DOI: 10.20960/nh.03329 -
Qatar Medical Journal 2020Teething is a physiological process experienced by all children. However, many unrelated illnesses are blamed on teething.
BACKGROUND
Teething is a physiological process experienced by all children. However, many unrelated illnesses are blamed on teething.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to assess mothers' beliefs toward teething and to investigate the practices preferred by mothers to alleviate symptoms that might accompany the teething process.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted in Basra. The study population includes mothers of young children aged (6-30) months who had at least one erupted primary tooth, and who had no history of medical or systemic disease that might affect teething. Two hundred mothers of different age groups and educational backgrounds responded to a questionnaire that included information on the child's age and birth order, mother's age, level of education, occupation, number of children, beliefs toward teething symptoms, and the practices preferred to relieve the attributed symptoms. Data has been presented in numbers and percentages, the Chi-square test was performed where appropriate, and a value of < 0.05 was considered significant.
RESULTS
All (100%) participants attributed at least one symptom or sign to the teething process. The most common symptoms reported were fever (70%), diarrhea (68.5%), and sleep disturbance (63.5%). Sixty-eight percent of mothers believed teething remedies were effective; only 10 (5%) did not give any treatment. Over half (62%) gave medications, such as antipyretics, antibiotics, and antidiarrheal agents. Some used teething gels (29%), pacifiers (50%), gum massage (22%), and hard foods such as biscuits and carrots (43.5%). Mothers of various educational levels reported attributed symptoms, and the result was statistically significant ( < 0.05). Mothers of a firstborn child were found to have a higher tendency to attribute symptoms to teething than those who had previous experience with children ( < 0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Teething myths and misconceptions are common among mothers. The study identified a significant number of doctors, dentists, and pharmacists still attribute many symptoms and signs to teething despite the lack of supporting evidence. Therefore, the findings of this study highlight the need for continuous medical education and nationwide prospective studies to eradicate these false beliefs.
PubMed: 33329998
DOI: 10.5339/qmj.2020.32 -
Sleep Science (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 2020To study the incidence of mouth breathing and its association with sleep disorders, dental caries, malocclusion and deleterious oral habits, in children.
OBJECTIVE
To study the incidence of mouth breathing and its association with sleep disorders, dental caries, malocclusion and deleterious oral habits, in children.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
152 children (6 to 9 years), of both genders, were invited to perform clinical evaluation of the oral cavity and the application of the OSA-18.
RESULTS
89 presented mouth breathing (MB), being 45% with malocclusion, 56% with dental caries, 38% with tooth loss, 51% with bruxism and 52% with the habit of sucking finger or pacifier, compared to 40%, 40%, 21%, 27% and 43%, respectively, in the 63 children with nasal breathing (NB). 35 MB showed moderate to high risk for OSAS, while only 8 of the children showed moderate risk. The average score of OSA-18 was 50 (MB:57/NB:40), with 29 (19%) children showing moderate risk. Among these, 74% presented mouth breathing, 26% malocclusion, 61% dental caries, 35% tooth loss, 42% bruxism and 55% sucked finger or pacifier, and in the 14 (9%) with high risk, they were 100%, 75%, 58%, 50%, 67% and 67%, respectively.
CONCLUSION
High frequencies of respiratory disorders with sleep repercussions associated with oral alterations were observed, reinforcing the correlation between mouth breathing and changes in stomatognathic system.
PubMed: 33564367
DOI: 10.5935/1984-0063.20200004 -
Children (Basel, Switzerland) May 2022This retrospective case-control study is the first to examine the spatial conformity between pacifiers and palates in 39 preterm infants (12 females, 27 males) and 34...
This retrospective case-control study is the first to examine the spatial conformity between pacifiers and palates in 39 preterm infants (12 females, 27 males) and 34 term infants (19 females, 15 males), taking into account the facial-soft-tissue profile and thickness. The shape of 74 available pacifiers was spatially matched to the palate, and conformity was examined using width, height, and length measurements. In summary, the size concept of pacifiers is highly variable and does not follow a growth pattern, like infant palates do. Pacifiers are too undersized in width, length, and height to physiologically fit the palate structures from 0 to 14 months of age. There are two exceptions, but only for premature palates: the palatal depth index at 9−11 months of age, which has no clinical meaning, and the nipple length at <37 weeks of age, which bears a resemblance to the maternal nipple during non-nutritive sucking. It can be concluded that the age-size concept of the studied pacifiers does not correspond to any natural growth pattern. Physiologically aligned, pacifiers do not achieve the age-specific dimensions of the palate. The effects attributed to the products on oral health in term infants cannot be supposed.
PubMed: 35740710
DOI: 10.3390/children9060773