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Frontiers in Public Health 2022Mouth breathing is one of the most common deleterious oral habits in children. It often results from upper airway obstruction, making the air enter completely or... (Review)
Review
Mouth breathing is one of the most common deleterious oral habits in children. It often results from upper airway obstruction, making the air enter completely or partially through oral cavity. In addition to nasal obstruction caused by various kinds of nasal diseases, the pathological hypertrophy of adenoids and/or tonsils is often the main etiologic factor of mouth breathing in children. Uncorrected mouth breathing can result in abnormal dental and maxillofacial development and affect the health of dentofacial system. Mouth breathers may present various types of growth patterns and malocclusion, depending on the exact etiology of mouth breathing. Furthermore, breathing through the oral cavity can negatively affect oral health, increasing the risk of caries and periodontal diseases. This review aims to provide a summary of recent publications with regard to the impact of mouth breathing on dentofacial development, describe their consistencies and differences, and briefly discuss potential reasons behind inconsistent findings.
Topics: Adenoids; Child; Humans; Malocclusion; Maxillofacial Development; Mouth Breathing; Palatine Tonsil
PubMed: 36159237
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.929165 -
The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics :... Jan 2012In situ analysis of biomarkers is highly desirable in molecular pathology because it allows the examination of biomarker status within the histopathological context of...
In situ analysis of biomarkers is highly desirable in molecular pathology because it allows the examination of biomarker status within the histopathological context of clinical specimens. Immunohistochemistry and DNA in situ hybridization (ISH) are widely used in clinical settings to assess protein and DNA biomarkers, respectively, but clinical use of in situ RNA analysis is rare. This disparity is especially notable when considering the abundance of RNA biomarkers discovered through whole-genome expression profiling. This is largely due to the high degree of technical complexity and insufficient sensitivity and specificity of current RNA ISH techniques. Here, we describe RNAscope, a novel RNA ISH technology with a unique probe design strategy that allows simultaneous signal amplification and background suppression to achieve single-molecule visualization while preserving tissue morphology. RNAscope is compatible with routine formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens and can use either conventional chromogenic dyes for bright-field microscopy or fluorescent dyes for multiplex analysis. Unlike grind-and-bind RNA analysis methods such as real-time RT-PCR, RNAscope brings the benefits of in situ analysis to RNA biomarkers and may enable rapid development of RNA ISH-based molecular diagnostic assays.
Topics: Biomarkers; Cell Line, Tumor; Fixatives; Formaldehyde; Gene Expression; Humans; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Lymphocytes; Palatine Tonsil; Paraffin Embedding; RNA; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 22166544
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2011.08.002 -
Nature Methods May 2015We introduce CIBERSORT, a method for characterizing cell composition of complex tissues from their gene expression profiles. When applied to enumeration of hematopoietic...
We introduce CIBERSORT, a method for characterizing cell composition of complex tissues from their gene expression profiles. When applied to enumeration of hematopoietic subsets in RNA mixtures from fresh, frozen and fixed tissues, including solid tumors, CIBERSORT outperformed other methods with respect to noise, unknown mixture content and closely related cell types. CIBERSORT should enable large-scale analysis of RNA mixtures for cellular biomarkers and therapeutic targets (http://cibersort.stanford.edu/).
Topics: Biomarkers; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Palatine Tonsil; RNA; Reproducibility of Results; Software; Tissue Culture Techniques; Tissue Preservation; Transcriptome
PubMed: 25822800
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3337 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Dec 2013Lymphangioma of the palatine tonsil is a rare, benign lesion that presents as a tonsillar outgrowth and causes symptoms related to irritation and airway obstruction.... (Review)
Review
Lymphangioma of the palatine tonsil is a rare, benign lesion that presents as a tonsillar outgrowth and causes symptoms related to irritation and airway obstruction. Histologically, the mass has abundant dilated lymphatic channels amid a fibrous stroma with lymphoid and adipose elements. There are several theories regarding the pathogenesis of these lesions, and the appropriate diagnostic classification is controversial. Because a lymphangioma may resemble a true neoplasm of the palatine tonsil clinically, the lesion must be removed for accurate histologic diagnosis and to rule out malignancy. Lymphangioma of the palatine tonsil is treated with surgical excision and has no recurrence once completely resected.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Incidence; Lymphangioma; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Palatine Tonsil; Pharyngeal Neoplasms; Tonsillectomy
PubMed: 24283866
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0678-RS -
Anales de Pediatria Nov 2023
Topics: Humans; Palatine Tonsil; Lymphangioma
PubMed: 37798221
DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2023.09.010 -
Journal of Anatomy Jan 2022The palatine tonsils form an important part of the human immune system. Together with the other lymphoid tonsils of Waldeyer's tonsillar ring, they act as the first line...
The palatine tonsils form an important part of the human immune system. Together with the other lymphoid tonsils of Waldeyer's tonsillar ring, they act as the first line of defense against ingested or inhaled pathogens. Although histologically stained sections of the palatine tonsil are widely available, they represent the tissue only in two dimensions and do not provide reference to three-dimensional space. Such a representation of a tonsillar specimen based on imaging data as a 3D anatomical reconstruction is lacking both in scientific publications and especially in textbooks. As a first step in this direction, the objective of the present work was to image a resected tonsil specimen with high spatial resolution in a 9.4 T small-bore pre-clinical MRI and to combine these data with data from the completely sectioned and H&E stained same palatine tonsil. Based on the information from both image modalities, a 3D anatomical sketch was drawn by a scientific graphic artist. In perspective, such studies could help to overcome the difficulty of capturing the spatial extent and arrangement of anatomical structures from 2D images and to establish a link between three-dimensional anatomical preparations and two-dimensional sections or illustrations, as they have been found so far in common textbooks and anatomical atlases.
Topics: Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Palatine Tonsil
PubMed: 34342906
DOI: 10.1111/joa.13532 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) Feb 2022Deciphering immune responses to viruses and vaccines using human tonsil organoids.
Deciphering immune responses to viruses and vaccines using human tonsil organoids.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Humans; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Organoids; Palatine Tonsil; Vaccines; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 35201866
DOI: 10.1126/science.abn9652 -
British Journal of Hospital Medicine... Dec 2022
Topics: Humans; Palatine Tonsil; Polyps
PubMed: 36594774
DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2022.0289 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021Tonsil hyperplasia is the most common cause of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Despite the growing knowledge in tissue immunology of tonsils, the...
Tonsil hyperplasia is the most common cause of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Despite the growing knowledge in tissue immunology of tonsils, the immunopathology driving tonsil hyperplasia and OSA remains unknown. Here we used multi-parametric flow cytometry to analyze the composition and phenotype of tonsillar innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), T cells, and B cells from pediatric patients with OSA, who had previous polysomnography. Unbiased clustering analysis was used to delineate and compare lymphocyte heterogeneity between two patient groups: children with small tonsils and moderate OSA (n = 6) or large tonsils and very severe OSA (n = 13). We detected disturbed ILC and B cell proportions in patients with large tonsils, characterized by an increase in the frequency of naïve CD27CD21 B cells and a relative reduction of ILCs. The enrichment of naïve B cells was not commensurate with elevated Ki67 expression, suggesting defective differentiation and/or migration rather than cellular proliferation to be the causative mechanism. Finally, yet importantly, we provide the flow cytometry data to be used as a resource for additional translational studies aimed at investigating the immunological mechanisms of pediatric tonsil hyperplasia and OSA.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Female; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Hyperplasia; Immunity, Innate; Lymphocytes; Male; Memory B Cells; Palatine Tonsil; Receptors, CXCR5; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7
PubMed: 34745084
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674080 -
BMJ Case Reports Sep 2018Upper aerodigestive tract involvement with tuberculosis is relatively rare and may be seen in up to 2% of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Isolated tonsil...
Upper aerodigestive tract involvement with tuberculosis is relatively rare and may be seen in up to 2% of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Isolated tonsil involvement with tuberculosis is not commonly seen in clinical practice. We report a case of a 22-year-old postpartum mother who presented with odynophagia, fever, loss of weight and submandibular swelling of 3 months' duration. Clinical examination revealed a submandibular node, and oropharyngeal examination revealed necrotic slough overlying an enlarged left tonsil. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of the node and histopathological examination of the left tonsillectomy specimen revealed necrotising epithelioid cell granulomas, and stain for acid-fast bacilli was positive in the latter. She was diagnosed with tonsillar tuberculosis and was started on antituberculous treatment following which she improved clinically. This case serves to demonstrate an uncommon presentation of primary tuberculosis and reminds us to consider tuberculosis also as a microbiological aetiology for tonsillitis.
Topics: Female; Humans; Palatine Tonsil; Puerperal Disorders; Tonsillitis; Tuberculosis; Young Adult
PubMed: 30249724
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-223634