-
The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics :... Jan 2012In situ analysis of biomarkers is highly desirable in molecular pathology because it allows the examination of biomarker status within the histopathological context of...
In situ analysis of biomarkers is highly desirable in molecular pathology because it allows the examination of biomarker status within the histopathological context of clinical specimens. Immunohistochemistry and DNA in situ hybridization (ISH) are widely used in clinical settings to assess protein and DNA biomarkers, respectively, but clinical use of in situ RNA analysis is rare. This disparity is especially notable when considering the abundance of RNA biomarkers discovered through whole-genome expression profiling. This is largely due to the high degree of technical complexity and insufficient sensitivity and specificity of current RNA ISH techniques. Here, we describe RNAscope, a novel RNA ISH technology with a unique probe design strategy that allows simultaneous signal amplification and background suppression to achieve single-molecule visualization while preserving tissue morphology. RNAscope is compatible with routine formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens and can use either conventional chromogenic dyes for bright-field microscopy or fluorescent dyes for multiplex analysis. Unlike grind-and-bind RNA analysis methods such as real-time RT-PCR, RNAscope brings the benefits of in situ analysis to RNA biomarkers and may enable rapid development of RNA ISH-based molecular diagnostic assays.
Topics: Biomarkers; Cell Line, Tumor; Fixatives; Formaldehyde; Gene Expression; Humans; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Lymphocytes; Palatine Tonsil; Paraffin Embedding; RNA; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 22166544
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2011.08.002 -
Nature Methods May 2015We introduce CIBERSORT, a method for characterizing cell composition of complex tissues from their gene expression profiles. When applied to enumeration of hematopoietic...
We introduce CIBERSORT, a method for characterizing cell composition of complex tissues from their gene expression profiles. When applied to enumeration of hematopoietic subsets in RNA mixtures from fresh, frozen and fixed tissues, including solid tumors, CIBERSORT outperformed other methods with respect to noise, unknown mixture content and closely related cell types. CIBERSORT should enable large-scale analysis of RNA mixtures for cellular biomarkers and therapeutic targets (http://cibersort.stanford.edu/).
Topics: Biomarkers; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Palatine Tonsil; RNA; Reproducibility of Results; Software; Tissue Culture Techniques; Tissue Preservation; Transcriptome
PubMed: 25822800
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3337 -
Romanian Journal of Morphology and... 2015The human palatine tonsils represent a mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue with a significant function in mucosal protection against alimentary and airborne pathogens. The...
The human palatine tonsils represent a mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue with a significant function in mucosal protection against alimentary and airborne pathogens. The ultrastructure of different morphological compartments in the human palatine tonsil was studied in eighteen tonsils obtained from the patients who had undergone elective tonsillectomy due to chronic tonsillitis. The tonsillar specimens were analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed the presence of tight junctions between superficial epithelial cells of the oropharyngeal tonsillar surface. The crypt epithelium is a sponge-like structure infiltrated by non-epithelial cells, mostly lymphocytes, and is characterized by the presence of small pores - microcrypts occupied by large microvillus cells and/or lymphocytes. Antigen-presenting Langerhans cells with typical intracytoplasmic Birbeck granules were also found in the crypt epithelium. The lymphoid follicles are composed of lymphocytes and two types of non-lymphoid follicular cells: small fibroblast-like cells and large cells, morphologically consistent with antigen-bearing follicular dendritic cells or macrophages. The interfollicular areas consisted of a dense network of reticular cells and reticular fibers; many lymphocytes were interspersed between the reticular fibers. In addition to arterioles and high endothelial venules in the interfollicular lymphoid tissue, some fenestrated capillaries were seen intraepithelially and subepithelially. The complex ultrastructure of the human palatine tonsil provides a microenvironment necessary for antigen uptake, antigen processing and immune response.
Topics: Adult; Epithelium; Humans; Lymphoid Tissue; Palatine Tonsil; Young Adult
PubMed: 26193201
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Anatomy Jan 2022The palatine tonsils form an important part of the human immune system. Together with the other lymphoid tonsils of Waldeyer's tonsillar ring, they act as the first line...
The palatine tonsils form an important part of the human immune system. Together with the other lymphoid tonsils of Waldeyer's tonsillar ring, they act as the first line of defense against ingested or inhaled pathogens. Although histologically stained sections of the palatine tonsil are widely available, they represent the tissue only in two dimensions and do not provide reference to three-dimensional space. Such a representation of a tonsillar specimen based on imaging data as a 3D anatomical reconstruction is lacking both in scientific publications and especially in textbooks. As a first step in this direction, the objective of the present work was to image a resected tonsil specimen with high spatial resolution in a 9.4 T small-bore pre-clinical MRI and to combine these data with data from the completely sectioned and H&E stained same palatine tonsil. Based on the information from both image modalities, a 3D anatomical sketch was drawn by a scientific graphic artist. In perspective, such studies could help to overcome the difficulty of capturing the spatial extent and arrangement of anatomical structures from 2D images and to establish a link between three-dimensional anatomical preparations and two-dimensional sections or illustrations, as they have been found so far in common textbooks and anatomical atlases.
Topics: Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Palatine Tonsil
PubMed: 34342906
DOI: 10.1111/joa.13532 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Dec 2013Lymphangioma of the palatine tonsil is a rare, benign lesion that presents as a tonsillar outgrowth and causes symptoms related to irritation and airway obstruction.... (Review)
Review
Lymphangioma of the palatine tonsil is a rare, benign lesion that presents as a tonsillar outgrowth and causes symptoms related to irritation and airway obstruction. Histologically, the mass has abundant dilated lymphatic channels amid a fibrous stroma with lymphoid and adipose elements. There are several theories regarding the pathogenesis of these lesions, and the appropriate diagnostic classification is controversial. Because a lymphangioma may resemble a true neoplasm of the palatine tonsil clinically, the lesion must be removed for accurate histologic diagnosis and to rule out malignancy. Lymphangioma of the palatine tonsil is treated with surgical excision and has no recurrence once completely resected.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Incidence; Lymphangioma; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Palatine Tonsil; Pharyngeal Neoplasms; Tonsillectomy
PubMed: 24283866
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0678-RS -
BMJ Case Reports Sep 2018Upper aerodigestive tract involvement with tuberculosis is relatively rare and may be seen in up to 2% of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Isolated tonsil...
Upper aerodigestive tract involvement with tuberculosis is relatively rare and may be seen in up to 2% of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Isolated tonsil involvement with tuberculosis is not commonly seen in clinical practice. We report a case of a 22-year-old postpartum mother who presented with odynophagia, fever, loss of weight and submandibular swelling of 3 months' duration. Clinical examination revealed a submandibular node, and oropharyngeal examination revealed necrotic slough overlying an enlarged left tonsil. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of the node and histopathological examination of the left tonsillectomy specimen revealed necrotising epithelioid cell granulomas, and stain for acid-fast bacilli was positive in the latter. She was diagnosed with tonsillar tuberculosis and was started on antituberculous treatment following which she improved clinically. This case serves to demonstrate an uncommon presentation of primary tuberculosis and reminds us to consider tuberculosis also as a microbiological aetiology for tonsillitis.
Topics: Female; Humans; Palatine Tonsil; Puerperal Disorders; Tonsillitis; Tuberculosis; Young Adult
PubMed: 30249724
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-223634 -
Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal Aug 2018
Topics: Biopsy; Castleman Disease; Endoscopy; Humans; Lymph Nodes; Male; Middle Aged; Neck; Palatine Tonsil; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Tonsillectomy
PubMed: 30138514
DOI: 10.1177/014556131809700819 -
Anales de Pediatria Nov 2023
Topics: Humans; Palatine Tonsil; Lymphangioma
PubMed: 37798221
DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2023.09.010 -
The Laryngoscope Apr 2018The relationship between palatine tonsil (PT) size and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has not been well established in adults. The purpose of this study was to test the...
OBJECTIVE
The relationship between palatine tonsil (PT) size and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has not been well established in adults. The purpose of this study was to test the association between PT grade, PT volume, and OSA severity in U.S. adult patients.
STUDY DESIGN
Cross-sectional study of all patients (age ≥ 18 years) who underwent pharyngeal surgery for OSA that included palatine tonsillectomy with tonsil volume measurement from January 2011 to June 2016.
METHODS
Medical records were reviewed for PT grade (measured on clinical exam by the Brodsky tonsil grading scale), PT volume (measured intraoperatively by water displacement), and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). Associations were evaluated with multivariate linear regression adjusting for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, lingual tonsil volume (AHI models only), and multilevel surgery aside from lingual tonsillectomy (PT volume vs. AHI model only).
RESULTS
The cohort (N = 83) was middle-aged (mean age 43 ± 12 years), predominantly male (61%), obese (mean BMI 33 ± 7 kg/m ), and had severe OSA (mean AHI 32 ± 28). After adjustment for confounders, PT grade was strongly associated with PT volume (beta = 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.0, 2.6], P < 0.001) and with AHI (beta = 13.5, 95% CI: [3.5, 23.6], P = 0.01); PT volume was not associated with AHI (beta = -0.2, 95% CI: [-2.2, 1.9], P = 0.89).
CONCLUSION
In contrast to past studies, subjective PT grade (vs. objective PT volume) was more strongly associated with AHI. These data suggest the space that the tonsils occupy within the oropharyngeal airway, instead of their actual measured volume, may be more predictive of OSA severity in a cohort of U.S. adult patients.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
2c. Laryngoscope, 128:1002-1006, 2018.
Topics: Adult; Body Mass Index; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Hypertrophy; Male; Organ Size; Palatine Tonsil; Polysomnography; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Tonsillectomy
PubMed: 29205391
DOI: 10.1002/lary.26928 -
Medicine May 2022Lymphoepithelial cyst of the oral cavity is very rare. Most intraoral lymphoepithelial cysts are observed in the floor of the mouth and very few cases have been reported... (Review)
Review
RATIONALE
Lymphoepithelial cyst of the oral cavity is very rare. Most intraoral lymphoepithelial cysts are observed in the floor of the mouth and very few cases have been reported of its occurrence in the palatine tonsil.
PATIENT CONCERNS
A 37-year-old healthy woman with no remarkable medical history visited our department with a complaint of frequent tonsillitis.
INTERVENTIONS
On endoscopic examination, yellowish mass was observed in the palatine tonsil and removed via an intraoral approach. The mass was completely removed with the left palatine tonsil.
DIAGNOSES OUTCOMES
Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining confirmed a Lymphoepithelial cyst.
LESSONS
Lymphepithelial cysts of the palatine tonsils are extremely rare and are easily overlooked because there are few reported cases. Therefore, care must be taken when examining the tonsil mass.
Topics: Adult; Epidermal Cyst; Female; Humans; Mouth Diseases; Palatine Tonsil; Tonsillitis
PubMed: 35608426
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000029246