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PloS One 2023Palatine tonsils (PT) are B cell-predominant lymphoid organs that provide primary immune responses to airborne and dietary pathogens. Numerous histopathological and...
Palatine tonsils (PT) are B cell-predominant lymphoid organs that provide primary immune responses to airborne and dietary pathogens. Numerous histopathological and immunological studies have been conducted on PT, yet no investigations have been conducted on its metabolic profile. We performed high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabolic profiling in 35 pediatric and 28 adult human palatine tonsillar tissue samples. A total of 36 metabolites were identified, and the levels of 10 metabolites were significantly different depending on age. Among them, partial correlation analysis shows that glucose levels increased with age, whereas glycine, phosphocholine, phosphoethanolamine, and ascorbate levels decreased with age. We confirmed the decrease in immunometabolic activity in adults through metabolomic analysis, which had been anticipated from previous histological and immunological studies on the PT. These results improve our understanding of metabolic changes in the PT with aging and serve as a basis for future tonsil-related metabolomic studies.
Topics: Humans; Child; Adult; Palatine Tonsil; Aging; B-Lymphocytes; Metabolomics
PubMed: 37523386
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288871 -
RoFo : Fortschritte Auf Dem Gebiete Der... Sep 2018
Topics: Calcinosis; Dental Implantation, Endosseous; Female; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Incidental Findings; Mandibular Diseases; Middle Aged; Palatine Tonsil; Pharyngeal Diseases; Radiography, Dental, Digital; Radiography, Panoramic
PubMed: 29590667
DOI: 10.1055/a-0591-4659 -
PloS One 2018There is evidence that pepsin can aggravate tonsil hypertrophy. Pepstatin is a potent inhibitor of pepsin activity and could protect patients against reflux tonsil...
There is evidence that pepsin can aggravate tonsil hypertrophy. Pepstatin is a potent inhibitor of pepsin activity and could protect patients against reflux tonsil hypertrophy by inhibiting pepsin. We examined the effects of pepstatin on the development of tonsil hypertrophy to investigate pepsin's role in the pathogenesis of tonsil lesions. We investigated whether pepstatin suppresses pepsin-mediated lymphocyte proliferation in tonsil hypertrophy. Forty-nine children with tonsil hypertrophy and twenty-two adults with tonsillitis were recruited to the study prior to surgery. Tonsil tissue from each patient was harvested and assessed for changes in the number of lymphocytes and macrophages in the presence of pepsin and pepstatin. We found that the proportions of CD4- and CD14-positive cells were significantly lower (p < 0.05), but that the proportions of CD19- and CD68-positive cells were significantly higher (p < 0.05), in children than in adults. There were significantly more CD4-positive cells after pepsin treatment, but these numbers were reduced by pepstatin. The levels of both interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) increased significantly in response to pepsin, but were reduced when pepsin was inhibited by pepstatin. The level of IL-10 is reduced in pepsin-treated CD4 cells and the level is restored by pepstatin. IL-2 blocking reduced the increased CD4 cell number by pepsin. But, an additive or a synergic effect is not founded in combined with IL-2 blocking and pepstatin. Pepsin-positive cells did not co-localize with CD20 and CD45 cells, but they were found surrounding CD20- and CD45-positive hypertrophic tonsil cells. Pepsin-positive cells co-localized with CD68-positive cells. It is probable that pepsin from extraesophageal reflux aggravates tonsil hypertrophy and pepstatin exerts a protective effect by inhibiting pepsin activity.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aging; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Hypertrophy; In Vitro Techniques; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-2; Lymphocytes; Macrophages; Male; Palatine Tonsil; Pepsin A; Pepstatins; Pharyngeal Diseases
PubMed: 30408092
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207090 -
Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 2022Hypertrophic palatine tonsils play a role in the blockage of the upper airway, one of the known causes of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). Therefore, it is possible that...
OBJECTIVES
Hypertrophic palatine tonsils play a role in the blockage of the upper airway, one of the known causes of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). Therefore, it is possible that there is an association between tonsil size and the success of pharyngeal surgery during OSA treatment. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between tonsil grade and volume, as well as to establish whether a relationship exists between tonsil size and the success rate of pharyngeal surgery (tonsillectomy and pharyngoplasty with barbed sutures).
METHODS
This retrospective study includes forty-four adult patients who underwent tonsillectomy and pharyngeal surgery with barbed sutures for the treatment of simple snoring and OSA between January 2016 and September 2019. Patients who had been previously tonsillectomized or those for whom tonsil volume measurement was lacking were excluded. All patients underwent a pre-operative physical exploration at the clinic exam room and a sleep study. Prior to surgery a Drug Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) was performed. Tonsil volume was measured intraoperatively using the water displacement method. The same sleep study was repeated six months following surgery.
RESULTS
A significant correlation was found between tonsil grade and volume and between such measurements and the blockage observed at the level of the oropharynx during the DISE. Moreover, an association was observed between tonsil volume, but not tonsil grade, and the success of tonsillectomy and pharyngoplasty with barbed sutures. A tonsil volume greater than 6.5 cm was linked to success during pharyngeal surgery.
CONCLUSION
A correlation exists between tonsil grade and tonsil volume. A bigger tonsil volume is associated with a greater success rate of oropharyngeal surgery during treatment of OSA.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level 3, non-randomized cohort study.
Topics: Humans; Adult; Palatine Tonsil; Retrospective Studies; Cohort Studies; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Tonsillectomy
PubMed: 35184978
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2021.12.002 -
Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai... Aug 2021Adenoid and tonsil hypertrophy in children are closely related to asthma. Their pathogenesis and clinical symptoms are interacted on each other. The unified airway... (Review)
Review
Adenoid and tonsil hypertrophy in children are closely related to asthma. Their pathogenesis and clinical symptoms are interacted on each other. The unified airway theory believes that the upper and lower respiratory tracts are connected through the release of systemic inflammatory factors. Studies have shown that adenoid and tonsillectomy surgery have a positive effect on the control and development of asthma. The symptoms of postoperative asthma, frequency of attacks, control medication and asthma severity related indicators in children were significantly reduced compared with those before surgery. It has been shown that asthma can increase the incidence of respiratory complications after adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy, so postoperative care after adenotonsillectomy is also important to control asthma. Understanding the relationship between diseases can help clinicians make a more comprehensive diagnosis and treatment.
Topics: Adenoidectomy; Adenoids; Asthma; Child; Humans; Hypertrophy; Palatine Tonsil; Tonsillectomy
PubMed: 34304542
DOI: 10.13201/j.issn.2096-7993.2021.08.019 -
BMC Pediatrics Apr 2023When analyzing the relationship between adenotonsillar hypertrophy and craniofacial morphology, researchers generally regarded hypertrophied adenoids and tonsils as a...
BACKGROUND
When analyzing the relationship between adenotonsillar hypertrophy and craniofacial morphology, researchers generally regarded hypertrophied adenoids and tonsils as a whole. It remains unclear whether different enlarged sites of pharyngeal lymphoid tissue would correlate with multiple craniofacial subtypes. We hypothesized there would be craniofacial subtypes correlated with different locations of hypertrophied adenoid and tonsil.
METHODS
Lateral cephalometric radiographs were obtained from 466 children (171 boys and 295 girls, aged 12.27 ± 2.69 years). They were divided into four groups according to different sites of enlarged pharyngeal lymphoid tissue: adenoid hypertrophy group (AG, n = 126), tonsillar hypertrophy group (TG, n = 59), adenotonsillar hypertrophy group (ATG, n = 69) and control group (CG, n = 212). Five commonly used angles for cephalometric measurements were investigated: SNA (Sella-Nasion-Point A), SNB (Sella-Nasion-Point B), ANB (Point A-Nasion-Point B), mandibular plane angle (MP/SN) and Y-axis angle (SGn/FH).
RESULTS
Children with isolated tonsillar hypertrophy correlated with increased SNA (unstandardized regression coefficient B = 1.38, p = 0.009) and SNB (B = 1.99, p = 0.001) compared with controls. However, children with isolated adenoid hypertrophy correlated with decreased SNB (B=-0.94, p = 0.036), increased ANB (B = 0.74, p = 0.014) and increased MP/SN (B = 2.22, p < 0.001). Similarly, children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy correlated with decreased SNB (B=-1.36, p = 0.015), increased ANB (B = 1.35, p < 0.001) and increased MP/SN (B = 2.64, p = 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Isolated adenoid hypertrophy correlated with a retrognathic mandible, an increased maxillo-mandibular sagittal discrepancy, and an increased mandibular plane angle. Isolated tonsillar hypertrophy correlated with maxillary and mandibular protrusion. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy did not show a superimposed craniofacial pattern of the above two but showed the same craniofacial pattern as isolated adenoid hypertrophy.
Topics: Male; Child; Female; Humans; Palatine Tonsil; Adenoids; Mandible; Hypertrophy; Cephalometry
PubMed: 37024864
DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-03979-2 -
Immunologic Research Dec 2021A potential connection between tonsillectomy and the development of various cancer types has repeatedly been reported in the scientific literature, but many studies have... (Review)
Review
A potential connection between tonsillectomy and the development of various cancer types has repeatedly been reported in the scientific literature, but many studies have contradicted these observations. Thus, we have no clear evidence, neither to firmly support nor to refute the above-mentioned connection. Here, I suggest that the main reason for the lack of clearer evidence is that the investigations have so far mainly used incorrect sample groups. I propose that individual differences in the tonsils' involvement in immune reactions should be taken into account to solve this long-standing puzzle.
Topics: Humans; Incidence; Neoplasms; Palatine Tonsil; Tonsillectomy
PubMed: 34523058
DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09230-3 -
Clinical & Developmental Immunology 2011This paper gives an overview of the anatomical localization and histological characteristics of the tonsils that are present in ten conventional domestic animal species,... (Review)
Review
This paper gives an overview of the anatomical localization and histological characteristics of the tonsils that are present in ten conventional domestic animal species, including the sheep, goat, ox, pig, horse, dog, cat, rabbit, rat, and pigeon. Anatomical macrographs and histological images of the tonsils are shown. Six tonsils can be present in domestic animals, that is, the lingual, palatine, paraepiglottic, pharyngeal, and tubal tonsils and the tonsil of the soft palate. Only in the sheep and goat, all six tonsils are present. Proper tonsils are absent in the rat, and pigeon. In the rabbit, only the palatine tonsils can be noticed, whereas the pig does not present palatine tonsils. The paraepiglottic tonsils lack in the ox, horse, and dog. In addition, the dog and cat are devoid of the tubal tonsil and the tonsil of the soft palate.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Laboratory; Palatine Tonsil
PubMed: 21869895
DOI: 10.1155/2011/472460 -
Nature Immunology Feb 2015Follicular helper T cells (TFH cells) compose a heterogeneous subset of CD4(+) T cells that induce the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells and memory cells.... (Review)
Review
Follicular helper T cells (TFH cells) compose a heterogeneous subset of CD4(+) T cells that induce the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells and memory cells. They are found within and in proximity to germinal centers in secondary lymphoid organs, and their memory compartment also circulates in the blood. Our knowledge on the biology of TFH cells has increased significantly during the past decade, largely as a result of mouse studies. However, recent studies on human TFH cells isolated from lymphoid organ and blood samples and recent observations on the developmental mechanism of human TFH cells have revealed both similarities and differences between human and mouse TFH cells. Here we present the similarities and differences between mouse and human lymphoid organ-resident TFH cells and discuss the role of TFH cells in response to vaccines and in disease pathogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Antigen-Presenting Cells; Humans; Immunologic Memory; Palatine Tonsil; T-Lymphocyte Subsets; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer
PubMed: 25594465
DOI: 10.1038/ni.3054 -
Kidney International Apr 2004Although there are many papers about IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and tonsils, respectively, reviews about the relationship between tonsils, tonsillitis, tonsillectomy, and... (Review)
Review
Although there are many papers about IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and tonsils, respectively, reviews about the relationship between tonsils, tonsillitis, tonsillectomy, and IgAN are limited. In this review, we introduced the structure, development, and function of tonsils, difference of tonsils with and without IgAN, consistency of both tonsillar IgA and glomerular IgA, the effect of tonsil stimulation, tonsil infection, and tonsillectomy on IgAN showed some evidences in which tonsils were closely related to IgAN and polymeric IgA1 deposited in glomerular mesangium were at least in part of tonsillar origin. Tonsillectomy can improve the urinary findings, keep stable renal function, improve mesangial proliferation and IgA deposit, have a favorable effect on long-tern renal survival in some IgAN patients, and do not cause significant immune deficiency and do not increase incidence of the upper respiratory tract infections, and can be used as a potentially effective treatment. The indications of tonsillectomy in patients with IgAN include mainly the deterioration of urinary findings after tonsillar infection, mild or moderate renal damage. However, tonsillectomy may not be enough and may not change the prognosis in IgAN patients with marked renal damage.
Topics: Bacterial Infections; Glomerular Mesangium; Glomerulonephritis, IGA; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Palatine Tonsil; Tonsillectomy
PubMed: 15086452
DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00486.x