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Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Feb 1990
Review
Topics: Humans; Palatine Tonsil; Tonsillectomy; Tonsillitis
PubMed: 2181132
DOI: 10.1177/014107689008300216 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2018Lymphoid tissues, such as adenoids (Ad) and tonsils (Tn), are suggested to undergo hypertrophy during childhood and involution in adulthood. Enlargement of Ad and Tn can...
Lymphoid tissues, such as adenoids (Ad) and tonsils (Tn), are suggested to undergo hypertrophy during childhood and involution in adulthood. Enlargement of Ad and Tn can cause transient obstruction of the respiratory airways, thus inducing obstructive sleep apnoea. To date, the standard Ad and Tn sizes have not been reported, and there are no explicit objective criteria for evaluating their sizes or deducing whether they have enlarged, reduced, or remained constant over time. Our previous cross-sectional study revealed the age-dependent airway occupation ratio of Ad and Tn in Japanese individuals. We conducted a longitudinal observational study of the Ad and Tn sizes in Japanese individuals aged 6-20 years. Ninety individuals were retrospectively enrolled. The average and standard deviation of the sizes was calculated in 5 age-based groups.
Topics: Adenoids; Adolescent; Adult; Cephalometry; Child; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Japan; Male; Palatine Tonsil; Retrospective Studies; Young Adult
PubMed: 30459413
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35272-z -
The Tohoku Journal of Experimental... Mar 1975Free amino acids in the tissue of the palatine tonsil and the adenoid were analyzed using a JEOL 6-AS Type Auto-Analyzer, and comparative examination was made on 26...
Free amino acids in the tissue of the palatine tonsil and the adenoid were analyzed using a JEOL 6-AS Type Auto-Analyzer, and comparative examination was made on 26 kinds of amino acids discovered. Of these, 23 amino acids showed significantly high values in the palatine tonsil, but hydroxyproline and tryptophan showed somewhat higher values in the adenoid. These results suggest that the metabolism in the palatine tonsil is more active than in the adenoid.
Topics: Adenoids; Amino Acids; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Glutamates; Humans; Hydroxyproline; Male; Palatine Tonsil; Serine; Urea
PubMed: 1129773
DOI: 10.1620/tjem.115.259 -
Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 2016Adenotonsillectomy is the most common surgery performed by otolaryngologists in pediatric age, and one of the most frequently asked questions about the postoperative...
INTRODUCTION
Adenotonsillectomy is the most common surgery performed by otolaryngologists in pediatric age, and one of the most frequently asked questions about the postoperative period is whether there is a potential for change in vocal pattern of these children.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the impact of adenotonsillectomy in the voice emission pattern of children with hypertrophy of palatine and pharyngeal tonsils.
METHODS
This is a prospective study in which we carried out perceptual auditory assessments and acoustic analysis of 26 children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy at three time points: before surgery, one month and three months after surgery. The following acoustic parameters were estimated using the Praat software: fundamental frequency, jitter, shimmer, and harmonic-noise ratio.
RESULTS
A statistically significant change was found between shimmer and harmonic-noise ratio during vowel /u/ production between the preoperative and 1st month postoperative time points. No significant differences were detected for acoustic parameters between preoperative analysis and that of the 3rd month post-operation.
CONCLUSION
Transient changes in acoustic parameters occur in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy submitted to adenotonsillectomy, progressing to normalization in the 3rd postoperative month.
Topics: Adenoidectomy; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Hypertrophy; Male; Palatine Tonsil; Postoperative Period; Prospective Studies; Speech Acoustics; Tonsillectomy; Voice Quality
PubMed: 26750309
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2015.11.005 -
The British Journal of Venereal Diseases Oct 1978
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Neisseria meningitidis; Palatine Tonsil; Sexually Transmitted Diseases
PubMed: 101277
DOI: 10.1136/sti.54.5.352 -
Journal of Anatomy Aug 1994Material from 25 human palatine tonsils was studied by light microscopy, immunocytochemistry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Special attention was...
Material from 25 human palatine tonsils was studied by light microscopy, immunocytochemistry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Special attention was focused on the structure of the epithelium lining the tonsillar crypts in the context of its ascribed immunological functions. This epithelium was not uniform and contained patches of stratified squamous nonkeratinising epithelium and patches of reticulated sponge-like epithelium. The degree of reticulation of the epithelial cells and the infiltration of nonepithelial cells varied. Reticulated patches were associated with disruptions in the continuity of basement membrane, and often also with desquamation of the upper cell layers, and contained numerous small blood vessels. The epithelial cells showed considerable variation in their morphology when surrounded by infiltrating cells. The rearrangement of their cytoskeleton and redistribution of desmosomal contacts indicate the responsiveness and dynamic nature of such epithelium. Cytoplasmic glycogen granules, located in the upper strata, suggest the possibility of energy-demanding functions such as absorption and secretion. The numerous membrane-coating granules may have contributed to cell membrane thickening and possibly also to tonsillar mucosal protection. Some areas contained a few keratohyalin granules but there was little evidence of keratinisation. The presence, and sometimes the predominance, of nonepithelial cells was characteristic of the reticulated epithelium. T and B cells often infiltrated the whole epithelial thickness, and many plasma cells were located around intraepithelial vessels, while macrophages and interdigitating cells showed a patchy distribution. It is proposed that the major functions of the reticulated epithelium are: (1) to provide a favourable environment for the intimate contact between the effector cells of immune responses; (2) to facilitate direct transport of antigens; (3) to synthesise the secretory component continually; and (4) to contain a pool of immunoglobulins. Thus the reticulated epithelium lining the tonsillar crypts represents a specialised compartment, important in the immunological functions of the tonsil as a whole.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Epithelium; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Infant; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Palatine Tonsil
PubMed: 7559106
DOI: No ID Found -
The Tohoku Journal of Experimental... Aug 2011IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the common cause of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. The clinical course of IgAN is extremely variable and ranges from asymptomatic... (Review)
Review
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the common cause of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. The clinical course of IgAN is extremely variable and ranges from asymptomatic microscopic hematuria to rapidly progressive renal failure. The pathogenetic mechanisms of IgAN are still unclear, but a hypothesis consisting of two pathways has been proposed. The first pathway is continuous antigenic stimulation of the innate immune system by the tonsillar mucosa via the mucosa-bone marrow axis. In the second pathway, the anomalous stimulated immune response in the bone marrow results in the production of aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 and its subsequent deposition within the mesangial area. Based on the hypothesis, tonsillectomy plus steroid pulse therapy were introduced. A recent meta-analysis showed that tonsillectomy with or without steroid pulse therapy resulted in clinical remission with favorable long-term efficacy in IgAN patients. Tonsillectomy plus steroid pulse therapy now seems to be an effective treatment for IgAN patients with hematuria and minimal proteinuria, and it is more effective in patients with less severe histological findings. The efficacy of the combination therapy depends on the duration of the IgAN. Randomized, controlled trials are needed to examine the efficacy of tonsillectomy plus steroid pulse therapy in different clinical stages of IgAN.
Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Combined Modality Therapy; Glomerular Mesangium; Glomerulonephritis; Glomerulonephritis, IGA; Humans; Palatine Tonsil; Pulse Therapy, Drug; Steroids; Tonsillectomy; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 21705849
DOI: 10.1620/tjem.224.243 -
Journal of Virology Jan 2019HIV-1 causes a persistent infection of the immune system that is associated with chronic comorbidities. The mechanisms that underlie this inflammation are poorly...
HIV-1 causes a persistent infection of the immune system that is associated with chronic comorbidities. The mechanisms that underlie this inflammation are poorly understood. Emerging literature has implicated proinflammatory purinergic receptors and downstream signaling mediators in HIV-1 infection. This study probed whether inhibitors of purinergic receptors would reduce HIV-1 infection and HIV-1-stimulated inflammation. An human tonsil histoculture infection model was developed to support HIV-1 productive infection and stimulated the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). This study tests whether inhibitors of purinergic receptors would reduce HIV-1 infection and HIV-1-stimulated inflammation. The purinergic P2X1 receptor antagonist NF449, the purinergic P2X7 receptor antagonist A438079, and azidothymidine (AZT) were tested in HIV-1-infected human tonsil explants to compare levels of inhibition of HIV-1 infection and HIV-stimulated inflammatory cytokine production. All drugs limited HIV-1 productive infection, but P2X-selective antagonists (NF449 and A438079) significantly lowered HIV-stimulated IL-10 and IL-1β. We further observed that P2X1- and P2X7-selective antagonists can act differentially as inhibitors of both HIV-1 infection and HIV-1-stimulated inflammation. Our findings highlight the differential effects of HIV-1 on inflammation in peripheral blood compared to those in lymphoid tissue. For the first time, we demonstrate that P2X-selective antagonists act differentially as inhibitors of both HIV-1 infection and HIV-1-stimulated inflammation. Drugs that block these pathways can have independent inhibitory activities against HIV-1 infection and HIV-induced inflammation. Patients who are chronically infected with HIV-1 experience sequelae related to chronic inflammation. The mechanisms of this inflammation have not been elucidated. Here, we describe a class of drugs that target the P2X proinflammatory signaling receptors in a human tonsil explant model. This model highlights differences in HIV-1 stimulation of lymphoid tissue inflammation and peripheral blood. These drugs serve to block both HIV-1 infection and production of IL-10 and IL-1β in lymphoid tissue, suggesting a novel approach to HIV-1 therapeutics in which both HIV-1 replication and inflammatory signaling are simultaneously targeted.
Topics: Benzenesulfonates; Down-Regulation; Gene Expression Regulation; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-1beta; Models, Biological; Palatine Tonsil; Purinergic P2X Receptor Antagonists; Pyridines; Tetrazoles; Tissue Culture Techniques; Virulence; Zidovudine
PubMed: 30305360
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01186-18 -
Anesthesiology Mar 2010
Topics: Airway Obstruction; Anesthesia; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Child; Dexamethasone; Humans; Laryngoscopy; Male; Optical Fibers; Palatine Tonsil; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Tongue; Tonsillectomy
PubMed: 20179514
DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181c5e006 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Although tonsillectomy is performed frequently, the role of palatine tonsils in life long immune protection or tolerance is still debated and the consequences of their...
Although tonsillectomy is performed frequently, the role of palatine tonsils in life long immune protection or tolerance is still debated and the consequences of their removal for the immune system are of general interest. We analysed the tonsillar myeloid compartment in healthy subjects across a wide range of age (64% male; age range: 3 - 85 years) and compared its composition to the peripheral blood. We could observe a strong accumulation of all granulocyte subsets in the aging tonsil, which was most pronounced for basophils and mast cells. On functional level, an increase of CD163 and CD206 expression among monocytes and an increase of neutrophils expressing the inhibitory FcγRIIb correlated with increasing age. While the age-related shift of the leukocyte composition towards monocytes in blood is not reflected in tonsils, the increasing immunoregulatory phenotype of tonsilar monocytes is potentially counteracting the phenomenon of inflammaging at higher age.
Topics: Male; Female; Animals; Palatine Tonsil; Tonsillectomy
PubMed: 37457697
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183212