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Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias Sep 2005A bibliographic search has been performed in MEDLINE using cortisol and panic as key-words, occurring in the title and/or in the abstract. Human studies were selected,... (Review)
Review
A bibliographic search has been performed in MEDLINE using cortisol and panic as key-words, occurring in the title and/or in the abstract. Human studies were selected, with no time limit. The following publications were excluded: review articles, case reports, panic attacks in disorders other than panic disorder, and studies on changes that occurred in-between panic attacks. The results showed that real-life panic attacks as well as those induced by selective panicogenic agents such as lactate and carbon dioxide do not activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Agonists of the colecystokinin receptor B, such as the colecystokinin-4 peptide and pentagastrin, increase stress hormones regardless of the occurrence of a panic attack and thus, seem to activate the HPA axis directly. The benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil does not increase stress hormones, but this agent does not reliably induce panic attacks. Pharmacological agents that increased anxiety in both normal subjects and panic patients raised stress hormone levels; among them are the alpha2-adrenergic antagonist yohimbine, the serotonergic agents 1-(m-chlorophenyl) piperazine (mCPP) and fenfluramine, as well as the psychostimulant agent caffeine. Therefore, the panic attack does not seem to activate the HPAaxis, in contrast to anticipatory anxiety.
Topics: Anxiety; Cholecystokinin; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Panic Disorder; Pituitary-Adrenal System
PubMed: 16127553
DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652005000300009 -
Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi = Turkish... 2004Current diagnostic classification systems have provided reliable, objective and valid diagnoses of mental disorders. They present both categorical and dichotomous... (Review)
Review
Current diagnostic classification systems have provided reliable, objective and valid diagnoses of mental disorders. They present both categorical and dichotomous approaches to mental disorders. However, rigid usage of diagnostic criteria may cause high comorbidity rates. Moreover, these classification systems fail to identify subthreshold conditions, atypical signs and symptoms, and personality traits associated with the core symptoms of a given mental disorder. These subclinical manifestations are clinically meaningful in terms of disability and effects on quality of life. For these reasons, many researchers have begun to develop dimensional or spectral approaches for a number of mental disorders. Studies on panic disorder with or without agoraphobia have revealed a substantial clinical heterogeneity. The panic-agoraphobic spectrum concept was defined to overcome these difficulties. This concept includes DSM-IV and ICD-10 diagnostic criteria together with atypical and subthreshold symptoms of panic disorder, and constitutes a broader band of panic and agoraphobia symptoms. The panic-agoraphobic spectrum incorporates eight domains of clinical features: 1) separation sensitivity, 2) panic-like symptoms, 3) stress sensitivity, 4) medication and substance sensitivity, 5) anxious expectation, 6) agoraphobia, 7) illness phobia and hypochondriasis, 8) reassurance orientation. In this article, we reviewed the spectrum conceptualization of panic disorder and agoraphobia, particularly focusing on the domains of the panic-agoraphobic spectrum and their assessment.
Topics: Agoraphobia; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Humans; International Classification of Diseases; Panic Disorder; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
PubMed: 15362006
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice... 1999Panic Control Treatment (PCT) is a widely used, empirically validated cognitive-behavioral treatment for panic disorder. Initially developed for the treatment of panic... (Review)
Review
Panic Control Treatment (PCT) is a widely used, empirically validated cognitive-behavioral treatment for panic disorder. Initially developed for the treatment of panic disorder with limited agoraphobic avoidance, PCT more recently has been finding broader applications. It has been used as an aid to pharmacotherapy discontinuation in panic disorder; in the treatment of panic attacks associated with other disorders such as schizophrenia; and, in combination with a situational exposure component, in the treatment of patients with moderate to severe agoraphobia. The authors critically review the evidence for the clinical efficacy of PCT and recent work directed at further enhancing the long-term efficacy and cost-effectiveness of treatment.
Topics: Benzodiazepines; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Humans; Panic Disorder; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Schizophrenia
PubMed: 9888103
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Physiology Sep 2017Many stressors cause an increase in ventilation in humans. This is predominantly reported as an increase in minute ventilation (V̇E). But, the same V̇E can be achieved... (Review)
Review
Many stressors cause an increase in ventilation in humans. This is predominantly reported as an increase in minute ventilation (V̇E). But, the same V̇E can be achieved by a wide variety of changes in the depth (tidal volume, V ) and number of breaths (respiratory frequency, ƒ ). This review investigates the impact of stressors including: cold, heat, hypoxia, pain and panic on the contributions of ƒ and V to V̇E to see if they differ with different stressors. Where possible we also consider the potential mechanisms that underpin the responses identified, and propose mechanisms by which differences in ƒ and V are mediated. Our aim being to consider if there is an overall differential control of ƒ and V that applies in a wide range of conditions. We consider moderating factors, including exercise, sex, intensity and duration of stimuli. For the stressors reviewed, as the stress becomes extreme V̇E generally becomes increased more by ƒ than V . We also present some tentative evidence that the pattern of ƒ and V could provide some useful diagnostic information for a variety of clinical conditions. In The Physiological Society's year of 'Making Sense of Stress', this review has wide-ranging implications that are not limited to one discipline, but are integrative and relevant for physiology, psychophysiology, neuroscience and pathophysiology.
Topics: Animals; Cold Temperature; Fever; Humans; Hypoxia; Pain; Panic; Respiration; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 28650070
DOI: 10.1113/JP274596 -
Revue Medicale de Liege May 2004Panic attacks can occur unexpectedly and in almost any situation. The present article discusses the main features of anxiety states, the approach, the management and the... (Review)
Review
Panic attacks can occur unexpectedly and in almost any situation. The present article discusses the main features of anxiety states, the approach, the management and the practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder.
Topics: Algorithms; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Antidepressive Agents; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Panic Disorder
PubMed: 15264579
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Econometrics Jan 2021We develop an econometric model of consumer panic (or panic buying) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using Google search data on relevant keywords, we construct a daily...
We develop an econometric model of consumer panic (or panic buying) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using Google search data on relevant keywords, we construct a daily index of consumer panic for 54 countries from January 1st to April 30th 2020. We also assemble data on government policy announcements and daily COVID-19 cases for all countries. Our panic index reveals widespread consumer panic in most countries, primarily during March, but with significant variation in the timing and severity of panic between countries. Our model implies that both domestic and world virus transmission contribute significantly to consumer panic. But government policy is also important: Internal movement restrictions - whether announced by domestic or foreign governments - generate substantial short run panic that largely vanishes in a week to ten days. Internal movement restrictions announced early in the pandemic generated more panic than those announced later. Stimulus announcements had smaller impacts, and travel restrictions do not appear to generate consumer panic.
PubMed: 32863535
DOI: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.07.045 -
International Journal of Environmental... May 2022The present study aims to assess the relationship between prevention and panic from COVID-19, ethical principles, life expectancy, anxiety, depression, and stress in...
The present study aims to assess the relationship between prevention and panic from COVID-19, ethical principles, life expectancy, anxiety, depression, and stress in auditors and financial managers of small- and medium-sized Iraqi firms. In other words, this paper seeks to answer the question of whether different types of prevention and panic from COVID-19 can enhance the ethical principles, life expectancy, anxiety, depression, and stress, or not. The study method is practical in its objective and descriptive survey procedure. The study's statistical population includes 185 employed auditors in audit firms, and 215 financial managers of small- and medium-sized Iraqi firms were selected as a sample of the study using the Cochran Sampling Method. In this paper, PLS tests are used to assess the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable. The results indicate no significant relationship between prevention from COVID-19 and ethical principles and life expectancy. However, the association between prevention from COVID-19 and anxiety, depression, and stress, and between panic from COVID-19 and ethical principles, life expectancy, anxiety, depression, and stress is positive and significant. The higher the panic from COVID-19, the more ethical principles, life expectancy, anxiety, depression, and stress. Since no study has been carried out so far on the effect of prevention and panic from COVID-19, ethical principles, life expectancy, depression, and stress in Iraqi firms, the present study results can provide valuable information and contribute to the development of science and knowledge.
Topics: Anxiety; COVID-19; Depression; Humans; Life Expectancy; Panic
PubMed: 35627379
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19105841 -
Annals of the Academy of Medicine,... Mar 2010The panic attack is able to mimic the clinical presentation of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS), to the point of being clinically indistinguishable without appropriate... (Review)
Review
The panic attack is able to mimic the clinical presentation of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS), to the point of being clinically indistinguishable without appropriate investigations. However, the literature actually demonstrates that the 2 conditions are more related than just being differential diagnoses. Through a review of the literature involving epidemiological studies, randomised controlled trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses found on a Medline search, the relation between panic disorder and ACS is explored in greater depth. Panic disorder, a psychiatric condition with recurrent panic attacks, has been found to be an independent risk factor for subsequent coronary events. This has prognostic bearing and higher mortality rates. Through activation of the sympathetic system by differing upstream mechanisms, the 2 conditions have similar presentations. Another psychiatric differential diagnosis would be that of akathisia, as an adverse effect to antidepressant medications. An overview on the investigations, diagnostic process, treatment modalities and prognoses of the two conditions is presented. Panic disorders remain under-diagnosed, but various interviews are shown to allow physicians without psychiatric training to accurately pick up the condition. Comprehensive multidisciplinary approaches are needed to help patients with both coronary heart disease and anxiety disorder.
Topics: Acute Coronary Syndrome; Humans; Panic Disorder; Risk Factors
PubMed: 20372755
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Affective Disorders Feb 2022Mood and anxiety are widely associated with physical conditions, but research and treatment are complicated by their overlap, clinical heterogeneity, and manifestation...
BACKGROUND
Mood and anxiety are widely associated with physical conditions, but research and treatment are complicated by their overlap, clinical heterogeneity, and manifestation on a spectrum rather than as discrete disorders. In contrast to previous work relying on threshold-level disorders, we examined the association between empirically-derived profiles of mood and anxiety syndromes with physical conditions in a nationally-representative sample of US adolescents.
METHODS
Participants were 2,911 adolescents (aged 13-18) from the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement who provided information on physical conditions and reported at least one lifetime mood-anxiety 'syndrome' based on direct interviews with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3.0. Mood-anxiety syndromes reflected 3-level ratings from subthreshold to severe distress/impairment, and subtyped mood episodes. Stepwise latent profile analysis identified mood-anxiety profiles and tested associations with physical conditions.
RESULTS
Three mood-anxiety profiles were identified: "Mood-GAD" (25.6%)-non-atypical depression, mania, generalized anxiety; "Atypical-Panic" (11.3%)-atypical depression, panic; and "Reference" (63.1%)-lower mood and anxiety except specific phobia. Headaches were more prevalent in Mood-GAD and Atypical-Panic than Reference (47.9%, 50.1%, and 37.7%, respectively; p=0.011). Heart problems were more common in Mood-GAD than Atypical-Panic (7.4% v 2.2%, p=0.004) and Reference, with back/neck pain more prevalent in Mood-GAD than Reference (22.5% v 15.3%, p=0.016).
LIMITATIONS
Broad categories of physical conditions without information on specific diagnoses; replication regarding specificity is recommended.
CONCLUSIONS
Heart problems and pain-related conditions were differentially associated with specific mood-anxiety profiles. Subtyping depression and anxiety-inclusive of subthreshold syndromes-and their patterns of clustering may facilitate etiologic and intervention work in multimorbidity.
Topics: Adolescent; Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders; Comorbidity; Humans; Panic; Phobic Disorders; Prevalence
PubMed: 34838604
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.056 -
American Family Physician Apr 2020
Review
Topics: Adult; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Arousal; Benzodiazepines; Humans; Panic; Panic Disorder; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 32227829
DOI: No ID Found